不同处理方式对奶牛粪细菌群落多样性及群落结构的影响

以腐熟牛粪、新鲜牛粪以及蚯蚓粪为材料,提取其微生物总DNA,利用细菌16SrDNAV3区扩增及变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）法,分析了3种材料中细菌的多样性以及细菌群落结构的相似性。结果表明,蚯蚓粪的细菌多样性最丰富,腐熟牛粪次之,新鲜牛粪的细菌多样性最小。蚯蚓粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构有40%的相似性;蚯蚓粪和新鲜牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性为25%;新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性则为35%。     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

土壤电动修复中电极切换对土壤微生物群落的影响

通过细菌计数和Biolog方法,研究了在3.0V·cm^-1的电压梯度下,不同电场切换周期（24h、5h、10min和1min）对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,电压梯度为3.0V·cm^-1的电场作用能够促进土壤微生物的活性,但会轻微地降低土壤微生物功能多样性,电场切换不能改变这种电场对微生物群落的影响;长时间的电场处理下,电极反应对微生物数量和功能多样性损害严重,切换电场电极能有效消除电极效应,电场电极切换周期≤5h时,可保护电极附近土壤微生物多样性,当切换周期≤10min时,不仅可保护土壤微生物多样性,而且可以保护微生物数量。研究结果说明了电场电极切换能有效降低电极反应对微生物群落的影响,揭示了电场电极切换对土壤微生物群落影响的规律,为电场电极切换方法在污染土壤电动强化生物修复技术中的深化和应用提供理论依据。     

西安市北郊污灌区土壤中抗铅链霉菌的多样性分析

从西安市北郊污灌区采集土样,用添加K2Cr2O7 75 μg·mL^-1和青霉素2 μg·mL^-1的高氏1号、HV和SC固体培养基分离到120株具有链霉菌特征的放线菌。采用浓度梯度法,用含Pb^2＋培养基对分离菌株进行筛选,得到50株抗铅链霉菌。在抗铅能力实验结果的基础上,选取14株抗性较强链霉菌代表菌株进行形态培养特征、生理生化和16S rDNA基因序列相似性等分析。结果表明,14株代表菌株可归为6个不同的颜色类群,其表型特征与生理生化性质和链霉菌相符合,在系统发育树上处于8个不同的进化分支。菌株HQ0031与已知链霉菌相似性差异较大,可能为链霉菌属内1个潜在新种。研究表明西安市北郊污灌区土壤中抗铅链霉菌具有丰富的多样性,可为重金属污染环境的生物修复提供有益的微生物资源。     

甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中的降解行为研究

为了评价甲氰菊酯在苹果园使用后的生态环境行为和效应,采用室内模拟方法,借助气相色谱分析技术,研究了甲氰菊酯在3种苹果园土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤理化性质和环境条件的关系。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解主要是微生物降解,非生物降解所占比例较小,降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在25℃时降解半衰期为27．5～30．4d;甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中降解的半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈显著高度负相关,常温下相关系数为0．9;综合微生物降解和非生物降解因素,苹果园土壤中甲氰菊酯降解的适宜温度是30—35℃。     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions.     

红壤性水稻土-上覆水系统毒死蜱消解的室内模拟实验

以我国南方红壤丘陵区稻田土壤为对象,通过60 d的室内模拟培养实验,研究了毒死蜱在水稻土-上覆水系统中的消解与转化规律。加药后,15、25℃和40℃条件下上覆水中毒死蜱均在前期快速消解,后期消解速率逐渐降低,符合一级动力学方程。3种温度处理下上覆水中毒死蜱的半衰期DT₅₀（0.70~1.01 d）和消解速率常数（0.688 8~0.985 2 d^-1）差异较小。毒死蜱投加之后,易转化成3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCP）,在上覆水中发生累积。转化受温度影响显著,经过60 d的培养,40℃时17.3%~25.5%的毒死蜱转化为TCP。表层（0~3 cm）土壤中毒死蜱的积累受温度影响显著,未灭菌处理在15、25℃和40℃下,表层土壤中毒死蜱的残留量分别为163.66、80.29 μmol·kg^-1和34.95 μmol·kg^-1,约为其初始投加含量的57.38%、28.15%和12.25%。总之,土壤-上覆水系统中,在第60 d时,投加的毒死蜱中仅0.39%~2.24%滞留在上覆水中,10.18%~58.32%迁移到土壤中,0.47%~25.53%降解为TCP存在于上覆水中。总体而言,毒死蜱在上覆水中的残留率较低,在土壤中残留率较高且主要为表层土壤所吸附,温度与微生物对毒死蜱的消解具有协同作用。     

免耕对土壤微生物量碳影响的Meta分析

为综合分析免耕(NT)对土壤微生物碳含量的影响程度,以常规耕作(CT)为对照,收集国内外关于免耕对土壤微生物碳研究已公开发表的41篇文献的田间试验数据162组,采用Meta数据整合分析方法,定量分析中国不同区域、气候类型和试验年限下,免耕对于中国农田土壤微生物碳含量的影响。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕能显著提高土壤微生物碳的含量,免耕-常规耕作(NT-CT)的加权均数差值(WMD)为49.29 mg·kg^-1;免耕对土壤中微生物碳含量的影响存在区域差异性,西南地区WMD最大,湿润区(年降雨量>800 mm)免耕对土壤微生物碳含量的正效应最显著;年均温度10~15℃和年均温度>15℃时,免耕土壤中微生物碳含量显著高于常规耕作,且随着温度的升高而增加;免耕年限能够显著影响土壤微生物碳含量,以长期免耕(免耕年限≥8 a)效果最佳。综上,免耕对土壤微生物碳的增加效应存在区域特征,以西南地区最高,随着区域水热条件、免耕年限的不同有所差异,免耕措施的采用应该根据区域特点因地制宜。本研究结果为免耕的区域性合理利用提供了参考依据。     

饲喂不同方法处理的高粱对绵羊瘤胃微生物蛋白生产的影响

25只绵羊分成5组，每组5只，每只羊每天喂给苜蓿二草420g，另加用下列方法处理的高粱子实280g：a.未处理的高粱；b.微波处理（1．5g高梁微波处理15min）；c。120℃蒸汽处理10min；d。0．5％洗涤剂浸泡30min；e．水浸泡30min。用嘌呤衍生物在尿中的排泄量估测瘤胃微生物蛋白的产量。瘤胃微生物蛋白产量及其生产效率均未受高粱处理方法的影响。