生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐分及作物氮素吸收利用的影响

为研究生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐碱、氮素有效性、作物氮素吸收利用以及土壤氮平衡的影响,通过盆栽试验,共设9个处理:不施氮肥、常规化肥、生物质炭+常规化肥、常规化肥+硝化抑制剂DCD、常规化肥+脲酶抑制剂NBPT、常规化肥+DCD+NBPT、生物质炭+常规化肥+DCD、生物质炭+常规化肥+NBPT、生物...     

温度,盐度对花鲈能量收支的影响

本试验采用鱼类生物能量学的方法,对花鲈个体水平上的能量转换进行了研究。提出了不同温度、不同盐度条件下花鲈能量收支的实验方程,结果表明：盐度对大规格花钙鱼种能量收支各组分的影响大于温度;花鲈夏花鱼种和大规格鱼种分别在盐度５和１０时能获得最佳能量分配模式;温度对大规格花鲈鱼种的能量收支各组分的分配比例影响不大,在水温１５－３０℃范围内,其平均能量收支式为;１００℃＝１．７７３Ｆ＋１．１３５Ｕ＋４０．３     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明,不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应,但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的,其中,二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外,其余均在第4天死亡;大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟,且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化,但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明,转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种,转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％;大螟虫口减退率相对较低,早、晚稻上有所不同,其中早稻 >93％,晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中,大螟所占比例明显上升,推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。     

盐度骤变对金钱鱼幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞形态结构的影响

文章采用显微技术研究了盐度骤降(20盐度组投入5盐度组)、盐度骤升(20盐度组投入35盐度组)胁迫下,金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞(Mitochondria-rich cells,MRCs)形态结构的变化.结果显示,低盐胁迫3 h MRCs长径[(9.517±1.390)μm]和短径...     

不同生态因子对匍茎草苔虫排氨率的影响

通过试验生态学方法,采用静水系统,对我国北方常见的污损生物匍茎草苔虫(Bugula stolonifera Ryland,1960)排氨率进行了初研究,主要包括匍茎草苔虫在饥饿状态下,温度对其排氨率的影响;温度和盐度交互作用对其排氨率的影响;温度和pH交互作用对其排氨率的影响。为预防控制海洋污损生物对养殖生物正常生长存活有着非常重要的意义,也为更深一步规划出有效的防治方法提供一定的基础科学依据。具体试验结果为:1.温度对匍茎草苔虫的排氨率具有极其显著的影响,在12~27℃范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在24℃时其排氨率达到最高值;2.温度与盐度的交互作用对其排氨率有显著的影响,在12~27℃条件下,盐度在16‰~40‰范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在盐度32‰时其排氨率达到最高值;3.温度与pH的交互作用对其排氨率有极其显著的影响,在12~27℃条件下,pH在5~10范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在pH为8时其排氨率达到最高值。     

Effects of salinity on the growth and lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells in culture

The direct effects of osmotic pressure (salinity) on growth performance and lipid composition were investigated in fish cells in culture. Cell lines from a relatively stenohaline marine species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (TF) and an anadromous species, Atlantic salmon (AS) were cultured in media supplemented with NaCl to produce osmotic pressures varying from 300 to 500 mOsm kg⁻¹. The growth rates of the two cell lines were affected in a similar manner by the salinity of the media with the rank order for both peak cell numbers and growth rates up to the day of peak cell number being 300 > 350 > 400 > 450 > 500 mOsm kg⁻¹. Cell death occurred in both cell lines in older cultures at all salinities with the greatest loss of viable cells in media of 300 and 350 kg⁻¹. However, there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the cell lines in their lipid metabolism in response to the salinity of the media. The lipid content expressed per cell showed a positive correlation between lipid per cell and salinity in TF cells, but this was less apparent in AS cells. The percentage of total polar lipid classes increased with increasing salinity in TF cells due mainly to graded increases in the percentages of choline phospholipids. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the proportions of polar and neutral lipid classes with salinity in AS cells. The only significant effect of salinity in AS cells was a decreased proportion of dimethylacetals in total lipid at the highest salinity. The same significant effect of salinity on dimethylacetal content of total lipid was observed in TF cells. However, in addition there was a graded decrease in the percentage of 18:2n-9 in TF cell total lipid with increasing salinity. This was accompanied by increased percentages of total n-3 and n-6 PUFA with higher proportions of both groups of PUFA at 450 and 500 compared with 300 mOsm kg⁻¹. The results show that environmental salinity, in the absence of hormonal or other physiological stimuli, has direct effects on the growth and lipid metabolism of fish cells and that these effects differ in cells from different fish species.     

Changes in ovary and testis and breeding fitness of the climbing perch,Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), exposed to sub‐lethal concentrations of monocrotophos

Monocrotophos (MCP) is one of the organophosphate pesticides extensively used in agriculture and animal husbandry. The present study reports the effects of sub‐lethal concentrations of MCP on gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonadal histology and breeding fitness of the fish Anabas testudineus. The fish were exposed to three sub‐lethal concentrations of monocrotophos (T1: 3.5 mg/L, T2: 5.3 mg/L and T3: 10.6 mg/L) for 45 days with 12 fish (males and females in equal numbers) in each tank, and one group was kept as control (C) without any treatment. GSI decreased in all treatment groups in comparison with control. Significant decrease in fertilization and hatching rate was observed at all concentrations in comparison with control on 15, 30 and 45 days of monocrotophos exposure. The decreased vitellogenesis, disruption of follicular wall and oocyte atresia were observed in all the treated females at 30 and 45 days of exposure. Rupture of seminiferous tubules was noticed in all the treated males irrespective of exposure periods. The results thus indicated that monocrotophos could deleteriously impact the gonadal structure and function in A. testudineus, which could seriously impact the reproductive success of the animal.     

温度和盐度对二种观赏海藻微繁与生长的影响

为了建立观赏海藻大规模微繁技术,研究了温度和盐度对台湾锯齿藻(Prionitis formosana)和海木耳藻(Sarcodia montagneana)生长及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,在实验范围内,台湾锯齿藻在35℃的条件下死亡,5~15℃藻体负生长,适宜生长温度为20~25℃;盐度为22条件下生长正常,其余盐度下均生长不良;叶绿素含量在25℃和盐度22时达到最高。海木耳藻在5℃与35℃时出现死亡,5~15℃时负生长,适宜生长温度为25~30℃;最适生长盐度为10,其余盐度下均有不同程度的生长,并且随着温度的增加生长率下降;叶绿素含量在30℃和盐度10时达到最高。     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

不规则盐度脉冲对许氏平鲉氨氮、磷排泄的影响

在静水系统中,骤然改变水体盐度,形成盐度脉冲;研究许氏平鲉Sebastodes fuscescens(Houttuyn)经历该脉冲后其氨氮、活性磷酸盐排泄的情况。结果表明,盐度改变后,许氏平鲉的氨氮排泄率比正常盐度(30)下呈现出不同程度的升高趋势;当盐度由30降为25和20时,随着体重增加,氨氮排泄率先增大,后又减小;当盐度由30上升为35时,氨氮排泄率随体重增加而呈下降趋势。盐度改变后,许氏平鲉的活性磷酸盐排泄率随体重增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。在同一体重下,盐度由30降至20时,活性磷酸盐的排泄率最大;盐度由30升至35时,磷的排泄率最小。方差分析表明,盐度脉冲对许氏平鲉氨氮排泄率有显著的影响(P<0.05),对活性磷酸盐排泄率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。该研究对于鱼类养殖的水质管理、养殖场的布设等有重要的指导意义。