如皋黄鸡开产性状加性遗传及母体遗传效应分析

【目的】以动物模型分析加性遗传、母体遗传对如皋黄鸡开产性状的影响,并计算开产性状遗传参数。【方法】收集如皋黄鸡2009—2012年生产数据,包括10 454个动物个体、31 362条生产记录。依据是否考量母体效应,设计4种统计模型。利用WOMBAT软件以平均信息约束最大似然法(AIREML)剖分表型方差,以似然比统计值检验模型适用性。以单性状模型分析遗传力,以多性状模型分析遗传相关系数和表型相关系数。【结果】母体环境对开产日龄有显著的影响,模型II为开产日龄最适模型,开产日龄遗传力为0.28±0.02;母体遗传对平均开产蛋质量影响显著,模型III适合计算开产蛋质量遗传力,开产蛋质量加性遗传力为0.23±0.02、母体遗传力为0.03±0.01;母体遗传和母体环境对开产体质量有显著影响,开产体质量加性遗传力为0.34±0.03、母体遗传力为0.04±0.01,模型IV为开产体质量最适模型。如皋黄鸡开产蛋质量、开产体质量加性遗传与母体遗传存在负相关。开产体质量、开产蛋质量与开产日龄之间的遗传相关系数分别为0.36±0.07、0.33±0.07,开产蛋质量与开产体质量之间的遗传相关系数为0.65±0.05。【结论】如皋黄鸡开产日龄、开产体质量、开产蛋质量等开产性状均受母体效应影响,且遗传力较低。     

高母源抗体下蛋雏鸡新城疫最佳免疫程序探讨

通过在不同日龄和不同母源抗体水平时对具有鸡新城疫（ND）较高母源抗体的蛋雏鸡进行免疫,探讨在高母源抗体下蛋雏鸡新城疫免疫程序与免疫效果的关系。结果表明：用新城疫弱毒疫苗和油乳剂疫苗同时免疫后,免疫越早,受母源抗体干扰越大,总体免疫效果越差;当ND母源抗体降到6log2左右（大约在11～13日龄）时进行首免,隔14天进行二免,鸡体产生保护水平（6log2）以上的ND抗体最快、抗体水平上的最高、维持时间最长,总体免疫效果最好。因此,母源抗体6log2时首免,14天后二免为最佳免疫程序。     

Environmental and maternal factors associated with gross placental morphology in dairy cattle

This article reports on a study of gross placental morphology of 282 expelled placentas from 89 primi‐ and 193 multiparous Holstein dams immediately after calving and examines associations with environmental factors such as typical herd features and season of calving, and maternal factors such as age at calving, level of milk yield at conception and cumulative amount of milk produced during gestation. The highest correlation between calf measurements and placental characteristics was found between the weight of the calf and the total cotyledonary surface (r = .643; p < .001), confirming the high importance of the cotyledonary surface available for nutrient transfer to the developing foetus. Younger age in adolescent and smaller heart girth in multiparous dams were associated with a higher cotyledon number, suggesting placental compensation in dams with lower capacities in terms of dry matter intake. No significant association between milk yield during gestation in multiparous animals and gross placental morphometrics could be detected, indicating that factors such as the amount of milk produced during gestation affect placental development less than foetal weight close to term. Therefore, placental growth may be sustained at the expense of other tissues in an attempt to maintain pregnancy and minimize the adverse consequences for the foetus. This study offers evidence concerning factors affecting the placental surface size for nutrient transfer from dam to calf in dairy cattle based on gross morphometrics, but needs confirmation from studies in which this surface size is more profoundly assessed by measuring the branches present in the cotyledonary villi.     

不同动物模型对高山美利奴羊早期生长性状遗传参数估计的比较

【目的】研究不同动物模型对高山美利奴羊早期生长性状遗传参数估计的影响,筛选适合高山美利奴羊早期生长性状遗传参数估计的最佳动物模型并估计早期生长性状的遗传参数,为高山美利奴羊早期阶段的选育提高提供理论依据。【方法】运用ASReml软件对固定效应进行F检验,判断固定效应中的因子是否显著,筛选出对高山美利奴羊早期生长性状具有显著影响作用的固定效应;其次运用ASReml软件中的AIREML算法通过不同动物模型估计高山美利奴羊早期生长性状的遗传参数,根据各模型随机效应的不同构建了4个动物模型,各模型中均包含固定效应、随机效应和残差效应,其中模型1的随机效应包括个体加性遗传效应,模型2的随机效应包括个体加性遗传效应、母体遗传效应,模型3的随机效应包括个体加性遗传效应、个体永久环境效应,模型4的随机效应包括个体加性遗传效应、母体遗传效应和个体永久环境效应。最后,通过赤池信息量准则（AIC）指数和似然比检验（LRT）对不同模型中的随机效应进行比较分析筛选出最佳动物模型,利用最佳动物模型估计出高山美利奴羊早期生长性状的遗传参数。【结果】（1）血统类型、出生年份、配种月份、初生月份、群别、性别以及出生类型对高山美利奴羊早期生长性状初生重、断奶重、断奶前平均日增重和断奶毛长均有极显著的影响（P＜0.001）,除性别和出生类型对妊娠期的影响不显著外,其余各固定效应对妊娠期的影响极显著（P＜0.001）。（2）各模型估计的初生重遗传力为（0.0924±0.0160）-（0.2073±0.0226）,母体效应的遗传力为0.1623±0.0113;断奶重遗传力为（0.0651±0.0126）-（0.1027±0.0159）,母体效应的遗传力为（0.1097±0.0407）-（0.1098±0.0112）;断奶前平均日增重的遗传力为（0.0681±0.0130）-（0.1001±0.1061）,母体效应的遗传力为0.0898±0.0112;断奶毛长的遗传力为（0.0865±0.0148）-（0.0937±0.0149）,母体效应的遗传力为0.0173±0.0107;妊娠期的遗传力为（0.0902±0.0174）-（0.1119±0.0189）,母体效应的遗传力为0.0477±0.0146。（3）通过赤池信息量准则（AIC）指数和似然比检验（LRT）对不同模型中的随机效应进行比较分析发现,早期生长性状受个体加性遗传效应和母体遗传效应影响极显著,而受个体永久环境效应的影响可以忽略不计。因此,模型2是高山美利奴羊早期生长性状遗传参数估计的最佳动物模型。【结论】高山美利奴羊早期生长性状受母体遗传效应的影响比其他随机效应更显著;模型2为高山美利奴羊早期生长性状遗传参数估计的最佳动物模型。基于最佳动物模型估计的初生重、断奶重、断奶前平均日增重、断奶毛长、妊娠期的遗传力分别为0.0924±0.0160、0.0651±0.0126、0.0681±0.0130、0.0865±0.0148、0.0902±0.0174,母体遗传效应分别为0.1623±0.0113、0.1098±0.0112、0.0898±0.0112、0.0173±0.0107、0.0477±0.0146。     

Maternal inheritance of male sterility in the progeny of a natural hybrid between Cajanus lineatus and C. cajan

Adoption of pigeonpea hybrids in central and southern India is showing high impact with on‐farm yield advantages of >30%. The hybrid pigeonpea technology, the first in any legume crop, is based on a cytoplasmic‐nuclear male‐sterility (CMS) system. For a long‐term sustainability of hybrid programme, it is imperative that both nuclear diversity and cytoplasmic diversity are maintained among hybrid parents. In this context, a continuous search for new CMS‐inducing cytoplasms is necessary. This paper reports detection of maternal inheritance of male sterility in the progeny derived from a natural hybrid between a wild relative [Cajanus lineatus (W. & A.) Maesen comb. nov.] of pigeonpea and an unknown pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotype. In the present study, the male sterility was maintained up to BC₇F₁ generation by an advanced breeding pigeonpea line ICPL 99044. This male sterility inducing cytoplasm of C. lineatus was tagged as A₆. In future, this CMS genetic stock can be used to develop a range of new pigeonpea hybrids with high yield and adaptation.     

Genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop sequences in four native Chinese chicken breeds

1. To explore the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, a 585 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region was sequenced in 102 birds from the Xichuan black-bone chicken, Yunyang black-bone chicken and Lushi chicken. In addition, 30 mtDNA D-loop sequences of Silkie fowls were downloaded from NCBI. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of 4 chicken breeds were analysed in this study.

2. The results showed that a total of 33 mutation sites and 28 haplotypes were detected in the 4 chicken breeds. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these 4 native breeds were 0.916 ± 0.014 and 0.012 ± 0.002, respectively. Three clusters were formed in 4 Chinese native chickens and 12 reference breeds. Both the Xichuan black-bone chicken and Yunyang black-bone chicken were grouped into one cluster. Four haplogroups (A, B, C and E) emerged in the median-joining network in these breeds.

3. It was concluded that these 4 Chinese chicken breeds had high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic tree and median network profiles showed that Chinese native chickens and its neighbouring countries had at least two maternal origins, one from Yunnan, China and another from Southeast Asia or its surrounding area.     

叶黄素对鹌鹑繁殖性能及母源IgG向后代转移的影响

本试验旨在研究叶黄素对鹌鹑繁殖性能及母源IgG向后代转移的影响。试验选取1日龄朝鲜龙城父母代鹌鹑144羽,按体质量随机分为4个处理组,每组设3个重复,每个重复12羽。采用小麦-豆粕型基础日粮,分别添加0、50、1001、50 mg.kg-1叶黄素。10周龄时,每个重复取2羽,ELISA法检测血清IgG含量。收集种蛋并孵化,计算孵化率、受精率、死胚率。子代鹌鹑在相同条件下饲养,日粮中不添加叶黄素,分别在1、3、7、14、21日龄时,每重复取2羽心脏采血,检测血清中IgG含量。结果表明:叶黄素可以显著提高种蛋的受精率和孵化率(P0.05),降低死胚率(P0.05);对雌鹌鹑血清中IgG的含量没有显著影响(P0.05),但可以显著提高卵黄IgG水平(P0.05);子代鹌鹑血清IgG的含量与叶黄素的添加量成正比,高剂量叶黄素可显著提高1日龄血清IgG水平(P0.05)。结论:叶黄素可以显著改善鹌鹑的繁殖性能,并通过促进母源IgG在卵黄内的沉积从而提高后代血清中IgG水平。     

贵州苗绣母体图案的文化内涵和审美分析

贵州苗绣母体图案艺术展现了贵州苗族的文化、精神、习俗、宗教等特质。本文从与历史传说和与动物有关的苗绣母体图案为例,阐述了苗绣母体图案的造型、内容、用色、构图、形式风格等方面的特征,分析了基于苗绣母体图案艺术的苗家人的文化内涵、审美观和审美趣味,为深入挖掘和学习贵州苗绣图案特色艺术形式做了有意义的探索。     

家蚕新母性白卵的遗传分析

家蚕基因资源库中归类于茧色单元的保存系03-130,其卵色为白色,蛾复眼亦为白色.杂交试验结果表明,03-130白色卵表现为混合型母性遗传(Ⅲ型),即F1表现雌亲卵色性状,F2蛾区内发生分离,而不是延迟到F3代才发生蛾区间的分离(母性遗传Ⅰ、Ⅱ型);但基因座与母性遗传Ⅰ型卵色突变-第1白卵(w-l)相同,即10-12.7.称之新母性白卵,基因符号:w-1n.