免疫剂量和母源抗体对禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫效力的影响

利用表达 H 5亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 (r FPV- HA)以不同剂量免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡、有或无母源抗体 (FPV、AIV H5)的商品鸡 ,并于免疫后 2 1d利用同亚型 AIV通过肌肉注射进行致死性攻击 ,通过检测免疫后 HI抗体应答、比较攻毒后发病率和死亡率评价免疫剂量和母源抗体对 r FPV- HA免疫效力的影响。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1d,15 %～ 2 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可检出 HI抗体 ,而含母源抗体商品鸡检测不到 HI抗体。利用H5亚型 AIV致死性攻击后 ,10 3～ 10 6 PFU的 r FPV- HA可保护 95 %～ 10 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡抵御强毒攻击 ,使之免于发病和死亡 ;而不同剂量 r FPV- HA接种的含母源抗体商品鸡有 80 %～ 90 %发病和死亡。结果表明 ,在较宽的免疫剂量范围内 ,r FPV- HA对 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可提供良好的保护 ,显示出一定的应用前景 ;母源抗体影响 r FPV- HA诱导的免疫应答 ,且提高免疫剂量亦不能克服其干扰作用 ,这提示在实际应用中需优化免疫程序 ,避免母源抗体干扰。     

The complete mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken

ABSTRACT

1. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken, and provide molecule base to preserve and explore the specific chicken strain.

2. Based on sequencing and clustering, the complete mitochondrial DNA map and sequences of Lueyang black-bone chicken were revealed, and two phylogenetic trees of Lueyang black-bone chickens based on D-loop sequences and the mitochondrial genome were constructed.

3. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of Lueyang black-bone chickens is 16,784bp in size, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region. The base composition of the complete mtDNA sequence is 30.28% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.42% for C, 13.52% for G. Additionally, 10 haplotypes of D-loop sequences in 32 Lueyang black-bone chickens were detected, which were distributed into 4 clades (A, B, C and E).

4. It was concluded that genetic diversity is wide in Lueyang black-bone chickens, and this strain has multiple maternal origins from different regions in China and neighbouring regions.     

The effects of maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation on the location and abundance of hexose and cationic amino acid transporters in beef heifer uteroplacental tissues

We hypothesized that maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation would influence the abundance of hexose transporters, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A5, and cationic amino acid transporters, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2, in heifer uteroplacental tissues. Angus-cross heifers (n = 43) were estrus synchronized, bred via artificial insemination, and assigned at breeding to 1 of 2 dietary intake groups (CON = 100% of requirements to achieve 0.45 kg/d of BW gain or RES = 60% of CON intake) and ovariohysterectomized on day 16, 34, or 50 of gestation (n = 6 to 9/d) in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Uterine cross-sections were collected from the horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained via immunofluorescence for transporters. For each image, areas of fetal membrane (FM; chorioallantois), luminal epithelium (ENDO), superficial glands (SG), deep glands (DG), and myometrium (MYO) were analyzed separately for relative intensity of fluorescence as an indicator of transporter abundance. Analysis of FM was only conducted for days 34 and 50. No transporters in target areas were influenced by a day × treatment interaction (P ≥ 0.06). In ENDO, all transporters were differentially abundant from days 16 to 50 of gestation (P ≤ 0.04), and SLC7A2 was greater (P = 0.05) for RES vs. CON. In SG, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 were greater (P ≤ 0.04) at day 34 vs. day 16. In DG, SLC2A3 and SLC7A1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. RES heifers; furthermore, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) at day 50 vs. days 16 and 34 of gestation. In MYO, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES and was greater (P = 0.02) at days 34 and 50 vs. day 16. There were no differences in FM (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of all uterine tissues at day 16 determined that SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC7A2 were all differentially abundant across uterine tissue type (P < 0.01), and SLC7A1 was greater (P = 0.02) for CON vs. RES. Analysis of all uteroplacental tissues at days 34 and 50 demonstrated that all transporters differed (P < 0.01) across uteroplacental tissues, and SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES. These data are interpreted to imply that transporters are differentially affected by day of gestation, and that hexose and cationic amino acid transporters are differentially abundant across utero-placental tissue types, and that SLC7A1 is responsive to maternal nutritional treatment.     

Current knowledge about the processes of luteolysis and maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids

Camelids have many unique reproductive features that considerably differ from those of other domestic species. Females are induced ovulators with subsequent development of a corpus luteum (CL) with a short lifespan. Plasma progesterone concentration starts to increase on day 4, peaks on day 8–9 and, in non-pregnant animals, basal concentration is reached around day 10–11 post-induction of ovulation. Luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) are firstly detected on day 7 or 8 (approximately on day 5–6 after ovulation), with maximal luteolytic peaks observed between days 9 and 11 post-mating, in coincidence with a high endometrial expression of cyclooxygenase 2, a limiting enzyme in prostaglandins synthesis. Unlike other species, oxytocin seems not to be involved in the luteolytic process in these species. The CL is the main source of progesterone secretion, and its function is required to support pregnancy. Despite constant research efforts, aspects of reproduction and maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids remain not fully understood. A transient decrease and subsequent recovery in plasma progesterone concentration are observed after day 9 post-mating in pregnant animals in association with a pulsatile release of PGF_2α and a transitory decrease in CL vascularization. Thus, embryo recognition should occur between days 8 and 12 post-mating. In camels, conceptus tissues exhibit aromatizing activity with the capacity to synthesize large amounts of oestradiol. Similarly, llama blastocysts secrete oestradiol-17β during the preimplantation stage, with a higher production during the elongation period. An increase in the endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor α is also observed on day 12 post-mating. All these evidences suggest that oestrogen could be the signal released by the embryo at the time of its recognition in camelids. Besides, nearly 98% of pregnancies are carried out in the left horn. A decrease in the endometrial expression of mucin 1 and 16 genes has been reported, suggesting that these changes are crucial for successful embryo implantation; however, no differences have been observed between horns. Thus, maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids is a particularly complex process that must occur in a concise time to allow the rescue of the CL and embryo survival.     

猕猴桃良种选育及栽培技术的研究——Ⅵ.美味猕猴桃雌花芽分化与结果母枝营养代谢的关系

观察了美味猕猴桃[Actinidia delicosa(A.Chev.)C.F.Liang et A.R.Fenguson]“东山峰78—16”雌花芽形态分化的各个时期,同时测试了花芽分化期间结果母枝的营养生理代谢.结果表明;美味猕猴桃雌花芽形态分化始于2月下旬,终于5月中旬,结果母枝中的氨基酸总量、蛋白质、可溶性糖和氮、磷,钾等矿质元素以及C/N 比,在花芽形态分化前均不断升高,而进入分化盛期时,则均迅速下降,但结果母枝中的含水量变化不大.在花芽分化过程中,计有17种氨基酸参与代谢.其中含量最高的是谷氨酸,占总量的13.2%,最低的是蛋氨酸,只占0.6%,表明各种氨基酸含量的差异,可能与花芽分化时合成特殊的蛋白质有关.     

Maternal Antibody Protected Chicks from Growth Retardation and Immunosuppression Induced by Early Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infection

To determine if the maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with cell culture-adapted reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） could protect chicks from early REV infection, one-day-old chicks with or without anti-REV maternal antibodies were inoculated with REV, and then their growth rates and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus （NDV） and avian influenza virus （AIV）, after vaccination with inactivated vaccines, were compared. This study indicated that REV infection could cause growth retardation and severely inhibit immune reactions to inactivated vaccines against NDV and Avian influenza virus （AIV, H9 and H5） in one-day-old broilers without maternal antibodies specific to REV. Maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with an attenuated REV vaccine effectively protected REV-challenged birds from growth retardation and immunosuppression on antibody reactions to NDV and AIV vaccines. Four weeks after vaccination, the HI titers to NDV, AIV-H9, and AIV-H5 in maternal antibody positive and negative groups were 3.36 ＋- 2.04 versus 1.58± 1.69 （P〈0.01）, 6.27±3.87 versus 0.71 ± 1.60 （P〈0.01）, and 6.72±3.92 versus 0.54± 1.44 （P〈0.01）. Maternal antibodies from breeders vaccinated with REV vaccine could successfully protect chicks from REV infection and effectively prevent REV-induced growth retardation and immunosuppression in antibody responses to NDV and AIV.     

不同动物模型对安格斯牛周岁生长性状遗传参数估计的比较分析

旨在分析不同动物模型对宁夏地区安格斯牛周岁生长性状遗传参数估计的影响,筛选出估计生长性状遗传参数的最佳动物模型。本研究使用包含或剔除母体遗传效应、母体永久环境效应及母体与直接遗传效应之间是否存在协方差来区分6种动物模型,借助DMU软件的DMU_AI模块,利用约束最大似然法(AI-REML)估计安格斯牛周岁生长性状的遗传参数。利用赤池信息准则(AIC)和似然比检验(LRT)来确定最佳动物模型。结果表明:1)在不考虑母体效应的模型中(模型1),周岁体重、体高、体长和胸围的直接遗传力分别为0.59±0.02、0.52±0.03、0.20±0.04和0.52±0.03;2)在考虑母体加性遗传效应及其与直接加性遗传效应的协方差模型中(模型4),直接遗传力和母体效应的遗传力升高,总遗传力值降低;3)模型4估计的周岁体重、体高、体长和胸围的直接遗传力分别为0.77±0.01、0.73±0.03、0.33±0.04和0.70±0.03,母体效应遗传力分别为0.50±0.05、0.51±0.05、0.10±0.04和0.23±0.04,总遗传力分别为0.16±0.06、0.12±0.05、0.11±0.01和0.32±0.01。综上,基于本研究发现模型4对安格斯牛周岁生长性状的遗传参数估计效果最佳,为宁夏地区安格斯牛核心群的选育提高提供理论依据。     

应用贝叶斯算法评估如皋黄鸡40周龄体重母体遗传、显性遗传效应

文章旨在评估亲本印记及显性遗传效应对如皋黄鸡40周龄体重表型方差的影响。收集2009~2011年如皋黄鸡生产记录,包括3 890只鸡的产蛋高峰期体重记录,以贝叶斯算法分析表型方差组分。应用动物模型时考虑加性遗传、母体遗传以及显性遗传效应,对不同日龄体重进行标准化,以DIC值选择最优模型。结果表明,如皋黄鸡40周龄体重性状遗传模型应考虑加性遗传效应和母体遗传效应;如皋黄鸡40周龄遗传力为0.45,母体遗传效应可解释6%表型方差;如皋黄鸡40周龄体重基本不受显性遗传效应影响。遗传分析结果显示40周龄体重属于中等遗传力性状,可以利用母体遗传效应估计育种值进行专门化选育。     

虾夷扇贝C型凝集素母源传递与抑菌作用的初步研究

为研究虾夷扇贝C型凝集素的母源传递及其抑菌作用,实验运用qRT-PCR技术检测了经鳗弧菌刺激后虾夷扇贝卵巢中C型凝集素的表达模式,比较分析了C型凝集素基因在正常虾夷扇贝和鳗弧菌刺激的虾夷扇贝所产的卵及其胚胎发育前期的存在与变化;通过抑菌实验研究了卵胞浆中C型凝集素抑制细菌存活的作用.结果表明,鳗弧菌刺激能够诱导虾夷扇贝卵巢中的C型凝集素mRNA表达量显著变化,最高表达量出现在刺激8h后,为对照组的6.2倍;母体中C型凝集素可以传递给卵和胚胎,刺激组表达量极显著高于正常组,且表达量都随胚胎发育逐渐降低,至受精36 h时分别为正常对照卵的0.3和0.2倍;蛋白终浓度为200和400 μg/mL的卵无细胞体系都具有一定的抑菌作用,与C型凝集素家族抗体反应后,细菌存活率显著上升,说明母源C型凝集素在抑制细菌存活方面发挥了重要的作用.     

近江牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）家系早期发育生长比较

选取数量性状有较大差异的6个近江牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）作为亲本,成功建赢了9个半同胞家系,并对各个家系的受精、孵化、成活和早期生长的情况进行比较。结果显示,各家系子代的受精率、9孵化率和成活率均受亲本成熟度的影响;各家系的早期生长中,家系CH1、CH4和CH7的生长率大于其他家系;近江牡蛎幼虫的早期生长阶段受母本效应影响明显。