万亩农田节水灌溉综合开发区的规划与效果

通过对开发区农田生态系统的综合论证,提出研究目标、技术决策和规划原则,采用水利、农业相结合的节水技术体系,运用汇水、输水、调水、配水相结合的方式,联合调用地表、地下水资源,提高水的利用率,为中低产贫水区大面积推广综合节水灌溉提供可行的技术模式。     

Water Pricing and Sustainability of Self-Governing Irrigation Schemes

The sustainability of self-governingirrigation schemes is currently underpressure in many countries as publicfinancial support is decreasing.Furthermore, growing global concernregarding water scarcity means thatefficient water use is essential.Theoretically the choice and implementationof a water-pricing system should play acentral role in achieving this objective,both by recovering water costs and byencouraging farmers to adopt more efficientbehaviour. In the Senegal River Delta newlyestablished water users associations (WUAs)have chosen low water charges, which areaffordable for the majority of farmers butwhich underestimate long-term maintenancecosts. Combined with the difficulty ofcollecting and managing farmers' fees, thischoice has drawn them into a vicious circleleading to scheme deterioration and poorwater service. New alternatives have beendiscussed with them using a simulation toolthat takes into account both the watercosts and the farmers' incomes. Comparedwith the present fixed water charge basedonly on cultivated land, a two-part optionbased both on equipped and irrigated areasensures the recovery of fixed expenses suchas maintenance, while encouraging farmersto intensify their farming systems byadopting double cropping. Neverthelesschoosing a relevant water charge does notensure by itself the sustainability of anirrigation scheme. Combined supportproviding WUAS and farmers with efficientadvice regarding management andorganisational skills should alsocontribute significantly to achieve thisprime objective.     

黑龙江省江川灌区灌溉水资源的综合评价

在介绍江川灌区流域概况的基础上，提出了该灌区所面临的地下水灌溉水稻米质差、产量低、大米销路不好等问题的解决办法，即发展地表水灌溉水稻，通过引松花江水来解决灌溉水源；分别对地下水、地表水(松花江水)的水量和水质进行评价。结果表明，该灌区的地下水严重超采、水质中总铁量超标(超6mg/L)，pH值偏碱，不适合用于农业灌溉；地表水(松花江水)除铁离子略高外，其余各项指标均满足灌溉要求，为该灌区引松花江水灌溉水稻提供了较为科学的依据。     

关于我国节水农业技术研究的探讨

总结了我国近期节水农业技术研究在农用水资源的合理开发技术、输配水节水工程技术、田间节水灌溉工程技术、提高作物从农田土壤中获取水分形成产量的技术等方面的最新进展。指出了我国节水农业技术研究中存在的主要问题。提出了我国节水农业技术应研究的重点为 :适合我国国情的节水灌溉工程技术 ,研究新工艺、新配方加速节水农业新设备及新材料的产业化 ,节水高效灌溉制度与控制灌溉技术 ,研究开发多种可用于灌溉的水资源 ,研究提高灌溉用水管理水平。     

旱田中耕节水灌溉设备的研究

分析了节水灌溉现状；以玉米苗期为研究对象，结合黑龙江省旱作农业实际，提出了一种与中耕相结合的灌溉方式，为采用机械化灌溉方法解决作物苗期干旱问题提供参考。     

在水泵制造企业中应用成组技术

通过水泵生产企业现状的调查分析，在为某水泵厂开发计算机辅助企业现代化管理系统的基础上，提出了水泵生产企业运用成组技术，强化企业内部管理的内容和方法。     

自来水厂供水泵性能在线检测方法的研究

建立了针对自来水厂水泵性能曲线在线检测的有效方法，解决了过去水泵在线检测只能测量单点工况、不能获得性能曲线的难题，为提高水泵运行效率、优化运行参数以及水泵在线故障诊断提供了有效手段。对开展其他领域的水泵性能曲线在线检测或泵站工程验收等提供了一定的借鉴。     

咸水灌溉下土壤水盐变化的试验研究

2002年在内蒙古河套灌区红卫节水示范园进行了咸水灌溉试验,分析试验结果得出:咸水灌溉下的土壤经过秋浇后含盐量可以降到咸水灌溉前水平。以荷兰Wageningen农业大学等单位开发的土壤水分大气作物系统模拟软件SWAP为工具,应用示范园的土壤、水、盐分试验资料对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,模型模拟结果和田间试验结果符合较好。     

新疆盐碱地长期利用盐水灌溉土壤盐分变化

在地下水位3～5m、壤质土壤条件下,利用盐碱地时用2～5g/L盐化水灌溉,土壤1m剖面均为脱盐状况。灌溉盐化水15年后,1m土壤残留阴离子浓度较小,多点平均为3.709毫克当量/100克土。其中HCO-3相对较多,1m多点平均为0.404毫克当量/100克土。K++Na+浓度很大,1m多点平均为2.492毫克当量/100克土。这时,土壤1m全盐多点平均为0.248%,在灌溉水矿化度不直接危害作物生长时,不影响耕作和作物正常生长。由此可见,盐化水在盐碱地上无排灌溉,是可行的。     

Irrigation and food security in the 21st century

Global food projections indicate that food prices in the next threedecades will likely be stable or decline, but progress inreducing malnutrition in developing countries will be slow. Smallshortfalls in crop productivity growth would lead to rising foodprices and worsening malnutrition. Increased food production fromirrigation is essential, and will require expansion of irrigatedarea and water supplies, and improved efficiency of use of existingwater supplies. Neither of these growth factors will prove easy, andboth will require complex institutional and policy reforms. Failureto meet food production needs through efficient expansion andintensification of irrigated agriculture would increase pressure onland resources and hasten the process of environmental degradation.Irrigation and water development strategies have been hampered bya lack of understanding of the links between water scarcity, foodproduction, food security, and environmental sustainability.Research to improve this understanding would have high payoffs.