青岛地区竹种质资源异地保存及生长监测

中国竹种质资源大多分布在长江以南地区,在黄河流域中原地区分布的为数不多的竹种资源就显得弥足珍贵,因而加快中原地区竹种质资源的收集保存工作迫在眉睫。文章选择在中原地区（河南省博爱县）生长较好的16个竹种,将其引种至青岛市即墨区集中保存。结果表明：16个竹种在引种地总体生长效果较好,新生竹平均胸径和新竹数量总体呈增长趋势;散生竹和铺地竹的抗寒性较丛生竹好;极寒气候对竹子地上部分秆叶的影响远大于对地下部分竹鞭的影响。此次引种取得的经验可为下一步更多竹种的异地保存提供借鉴。     

Paspalines C–D and Paxillines B–D: New Indole Diterpenoids from Penicillium brefeldianum WZW-F-69

Five new indole diterpenoids named paspaline C–D (1–2) and paxilline B–D (3–5), as well as eleven known analogues (6–16), were identified from fungus Penicillium brefeldianum strain WZW-F-69, which was isolated from an abalone aquaculture base in Fujian province, China. Their structures were elucidated mainly through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra analysis and ECD comparison. Compound 1 has a 6/5/5/6/6/8 hexacyclic ring system bearing 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxocane, which is rare in natural products. Compound 2 has an unusual open F-ring structure. The cytotoxic activities against 10 cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities against model bacteria and fungi of all compounds were assayed. No compound showed antimicrobial activity, but at a concentration of 1 μM, compounds 1 and 6 exhibited the highest inhibition rates of 71.2% and 83.4% against JeKo-1 cells and U2OS cells, respectively.     

Eremophilane-Type Sesquiterpenes from a Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium Copticola with Antitumor and Neuroprotective Activities

Chemical examination of a marine sponge-associated Penicillium copticola fungus resulted in the isolation of ten undescribed eremophilanes, namely copteremophilanes A–J (1–10), along with two new glycosides, 5-glycopenostatin F (11) and 5-glucopenostatin I (12). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data, in association with ECD data and chemical conversions for configurational assignments. Analogs 1, 2, and 10 represent a group of uncommon skeletons of eremophilanes with an aromatic ring and a methyl migration from C-5 to C-9, and analogs 11 and 12 are characteristic of a PKS scaffold bearing a glucose unit. The incorporation of a chlorinated phenylacetic unit in 3–9 is rarely found in nature. Analog 7 showed neuroprotective effect, whereas 8 exhibited selective inhibition against human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549). This study enriched the chemical diversity of eremophilanes and extended their bioactivities to neuroprotection.     

Isolation of Scalimides A–L: β-Alanine-Bearing Scalarane Analogs from the Marine Sponge Spongia sp.

A chemical investigation of a methanol extract of Spongia sp., a marine sponge collected from the Philippines, identified 12 unreported scalarane-type alkaloids—scalimides A–L (1–12)—together with two previously described scalarin derivatives. The elucidation of the structure of the scalaranes based on the interpretation of their NMR and HRMS data revealed that 1–12 featured a β-alanine-substituted E-ring but differed from each other through variations in their oxidation states and substitutions occurring at C16, C24, and C25. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of 1–12 against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed that 10 and 11 were active against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL.     

Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum

The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.     

基于极大熵原理的水资源承载力模糊评价

区域水资源承载力是近些年来水科学领域研究的热点问题,根据信息论中Jaynes最大信息熵原理,提出了一种水资源承载力模糊评价模型,并将其应用到河南省水资源承载力评价中,结果表明,河南省绝大多数地区水资源承载力较低,水资源的开发利用应以可持续发展为基础,采用节约用水,加强管理等措施。     

云水资源的生态和环境功探讨及其应用

为探讨云水资源优化配置的理论依据,文章以二元水循环规律为理论基础,通过对空中水、地表水、土壤水和地下水四水转化的关系和着陆后云水资源存在形式的分析,提出生态和环境功的概念并给出云水资源生态和环境功的计算模型,来描述云水资源的生态环境利用效率。以研究区为例进行应用研究,在雨季末期人工降水20mm时,用此模型计算了研究区三个子区域生态和环境功。应用得到两点主要结论:1)云水资源生态和环境功以地表径流水量生态和环境功为主。2)受水区得到云水资源转化的土壤水和地下水水量受到其初始土壤含水率和初始地下水位限制。应用结果表明云水资源生态和环境功模型函数可以作为云水资源优化配置的理论依据。     

耕地资源与城市化发展的计量和协调性分析

以延安市为例,对1978~2004年耕地资源面积与城市化水平进行计量和协调性分析,利用SPSS软件构建耕地资源面积与城市化水平的相关回归模型,并借鉴经济与环境协调度模型,计算耕地资源面积与城市化水平的协调度。结果表明,耕地面积与城市化水平存在很强的负相关关系,随着城市化水平提高,耕地面积减少;大部分年份延安的耕地资源与城市化水平协调度呈调和型,耕地资源保持在承载力阈值内,短期内可接受。     

洪堡洋流系统内重要渔业资源对气候和海洋环境变化的响应研究进展

洪堡洋流系统支撑着世界上最大的中上层渔业,同时也是受到气候胁迫最为显著的海洋东边界流系统。本文概述了洪堡洋流系统的海况和渔业现状,围绕秘鲁鳀(Engraulis ringens)、智利竹■鱼(Trachurus murphyi)、远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops melanosticta)和茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)4种代表性的重要经济渔业物种,总结气候和海洋环境对其生长繁殖、种群结构以及资源波动等影响。研究认为,以上4类中上层关键经济种类的物种丰度和分布均受到季节性、年际和年代际气候变化和洪堡洋流海洋条件的强烈影响,在未来气候变化的影响下,研究洪堡洋流生态系统需要依赖于高能力的综合生态系统模型,需考虑物理、生物和化学环境、营养结构等因素,全面地评估生态系统内各种群的变动规律,进而更加科学地开发和管理该系统的渔业资源。     

广东省东莞林科园菠萝蜜种质资源调查与评价

对广东省东莞林科园菠萝蜜种质资源进行系统调查,通过生物学特征、生长状况、开花结果习性、丰产性、抗逆性以及果实性状、品质调查分析,综合评价其农艺性状和果实品质。结果表明,干苞型约占30％,湿苞型占70％,其中干苞型包括1个橙苞、2个金黄苞和57个淡黄苞单株;均能适应当地的气候条件,生长良好;金黄苞型综合品质最好,橙苞次之,淡黄苞相对最差。