Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.     

Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

堆体大小对猪粪堆肥影响和袋装堆肥的研究

研究了堆体大小对堆肥的影响以及堆制10 d的物料袋装堆肥的可行性。试验将猪粪和秸秆按一定比例混合均匀后分800 kg、400 kg和200 kg三种规格堆制40 d，另设800 kg组物料堆制10 d后转移分装到袋中继续堆制至40 d。每天上午、下午测定堆温，并于堆制第1、5、10、20、30和40 d取物料测定C/N比、水溶性碳、总腐殖质、氨态氮和硝态氮。结果表明，400 kg和800 kg组经40 d左右可以达到腐熟，而200 kg组不能完成彻底的有机质分解。与非袋装组比较，袋装堆肥堆制结束(40 d)物料的C/N比较低、腐殖质和氨态氮相近、水溶性碳和硝态氮较高。袋装法简单经济，占地少，便于畜牧场和农村推广应用。     

猪粪好氧堆肥条件的研究

本试验研究了在不同的调理剂、通气方式、碳氮比和添加剂等条件下猪粪堆肥的腐熟进程。结果表明：稻草比稻壳更有利于猪粪的堆肥腐熟；机械通风同人工翻堆相比，各项指标无显著差异(P＜0.05)，而堆制结束后物理性状要比人工翻堆试验组差；高C/N有利于堆肥的升温及腐殖化过程，对堆肥进程无影响，但稻草加入量大会增加堆肥的成本；除臭剂及菌剂的加入对堆肥的大多数化学性状影响不大，但可明显改善堆肥腐熟后的物理性状并减少臭味。除稻壳试验组外，其它各组在第五周即可达到腐熟的要求。     

厩肥、秸秆和绿肥的含钾状况及其对土壤和作物钾素的供应能力

以常用有机肥料牛厩肥、猪厩肥、鸡粪及作物秸秆、油菜绿肥为材料，研究了这些有机物的全钾、速效钾和缓效钾的含量状况，以及它们对土壤钾及作物吸钾的供应能力。结果表明：（１）三种有机烘肥及作物秸秆、绿肥中含钾量为０．８５％～４．５０％，其中有３２．７％～６９．７％为速效态钾，１．７％～２５．０％为缓效态钾；（２）肥料与土壤共同培养１５０ｄ后，约有５０％～８０％的速效态钾和缓效态钾仍以两种形态存在于土壤之中     

土壤水分及有机肥料对番茄叶片光合特性及叶绿素含量影响的试验研究

有机栽培是一种新型的种植方式,为了研究有机肥料在不同的水分条件对温室番茄的光合特性以及叶绿素含量的影响,在中国农业大学联栋玻璃温室进行了番茄的盆栽试验研究,采取4种灌水处理以及2种肥料处理,得到如下结论:1随着土壤水分的增加、番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度都有相应的增加趋势。2水分最低的处理反而净光合速率的值较高,是由于在这一处理中,叶片的叶绿素含量较高。3土壤含水率较低的前提下(田持的40%～85%),施加有机肥料BGA可以使得番茄叶片的叶绿素含量有较大的增加,平均可增加13%～24%,土壤含水率较高的情况下(田持的85%～100%)叶绿素的含量变化不大。     

不同阶段沼液作发酵接种物对牛粪产气的影响

在牛粪厌氧发酵中,不同阶段沼液的物理、化学性质及微生物种群有较大差异,利用不同发酵阶的沼液作接种物必然会影响到系统的产气特性。实验结果表明:以发酵20天的发酵沼液作接种物可以加快反应速度,增加产气量,提高COD去除率;用60天的发酵沼液作接种物不利于产气的进行。     

生物质炭配施有机肥对旱地红壤酶活性及其微生物群落组成的影响

研究生物质炭配施有机肥对旱地的土壤养分的影响,可为旱地农作物的土壤改良提供理论依据。针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤,本研究通过室内培养试验,向土壤中施用生物质炭配施有机肥,探索土壤微生物生物量碳和氮(MBC、MBN)、酶活性（脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶）和微生物群落组成的变化。试验共设置5种处理,分别为对照(CK,0 g/kg)、水稻生物质炭配施有机肥(RM,50 g/kg)、玉米生物质炭配施有机肥(CM,50 g/kg)、小麦生物质炭配施有机肥(WM,50 g/kg)和单施有机肥(M,40 g/kg)。为尽量消除误差,试验数据采用归一化处理,即实测值减CK值后除以各处理所添加的C、N量。结果表明：生物质炭配施有机肥(RM、CM、WM)处理均显著降低了旱地红壤MBC、MBN含量、脲酶活性和总PLFAs量,以WM处理的降幅最大,降幅分别是单施有机肥（M处理）的33.89%、69.03%、47.62%和23.30%;RM处理显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,升幅分别是M处理的91.49%和28.94%。相比单施有机肥,生物质炭配施有机肥降低了土壤总PLFAs含量（平均为-16.89%）、真菌PLFA (-38.17%)、土壤真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值(F/B)(-40.63%)和土壤革兰氏阴性菌PLFA/革兰氏阳性菌PLFA比值(G^-/G⁺)(-4.3%),而提高了土壤细菌PLFA (+5.18%)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(+0.38%)和土壤细菌压力指数(BSI,+11%)。主成分分析表明RM处理与其他处理之间差异较大。综之,不同物料生物质炭配施有机肥引起土壤微生物量、酶活性和微生物群落组成的变化差异较大,其中影响最大的是水稻生物质炭配施有机肥处理,可为温室气体减排提供参考。     

以活性炭纤维为载体厌氧处理牛粪的实验研究

以活性炭纤维为载体,在10%、7.5%和5%等3个载体填充率水平下,对反应器的容积产气率、COD去除率以及所能达到的最佳效果做了比较试验,并用扫描电镜观察了载体挂膜前后的微观结构.实验结果显示:添加载体的反应器内的物料,经过一段时间的启动运行以后,其内容积产气率逐渐增大,并超过了不加载体的反应器.当进料量为3.2L/d时,7.5%填充率的反应器达到最高产气率1.15m3/m3·d,比空白对照提高了20%,vs产气率为1.5L/g[vs],COD去除率达到70%以上,效果最佳.