Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.     

串并联谐振晶闸管中频电源的负载充磁启动方法研究

提出与研究了具有串并联谐振负载的晶闸管中频电源的一种新启动方法——负载充磁启动。该方法利用简单的辅助充磁电路，在启动时使负载槽路建立磁化能量1/2LI0^2，补充启动时电路的能量损失；在充磁电容器建立电能1/8CUd^2，保证充磁晶闸管和逆变桥主晶闸管之间的可靠换流，从而建立可靠的负载换流条件。文章建立了该方法工作过程的数学模型，完成了理论分析，得出了相应的设计公式。仿真验证了该方法的正确性，表明该方法适用于串并联负载谐根逆变器。     

薄板稳定性有限元分析中几何刚度阵的进一步研究

本文对薄板稳定性有限分析中的精化几何刚度矩阵作了进一步改进，使其列式更为简单，且保持精度高、适应能力强的特点。     

木工宽带砂光机噪声对人体心率的影响

该文从噪声对人体心率影响的角度 ,分析了木工宽带砂光机 (BSG2 713)的现场噪声及其主要频率的单频噪声对工人生理及心理负荷的影响 .该研究采用的方法是 :以正常工作状况下 ,砂光机的噪声为噪声分析源 ,并提取有代表性的实验噪声 ,在安静及噪声暴露的条件下进行人体心率影响实验 ,最后通过噪声对人体心率的影响情况 ,分析砂光机噪声对人体负荷的影响 .该方法与传统噪声评价方法相比 ,强调了影响劳动安全的人体心理负荷问题 ,从生理学和心理学角度来探讨噪声的影响 .结果表明 :在噪声暴露过程中 ,6 7Hz的噪声对人体心理负荷影响最大 ;而 14 2 2Hz的噪声对人体心理影响波动最大 ,且噪声暴露停止后影响仍持续增加 .     

用人工神经网络模拟土体塌陷的可行性分析

探讨了利用人工神经网络预测土体塌陷与土体参数和荷载条件之间关系的可行性。BP神经网络是最常用的神经网络之一,通过网络训练,最终确定了6个变量即输入信息、8个隐层和1个输出层的网络结构。在比较了预测值与试验值后,进一步证实了人工神经网络在评估土体塌陷方面效果明显。     

考虑初始静力荷载效应的框架结构部分底层柱失效时的瞬时动力分析

为研究高层建筑结构整体性问题中连续倒塌问题,采用有限元方法模拟高层结构底层边柱突然失效时的瞬时动力响应。从计算结果可以看出,动力分析的水平位移比静力作用的最大水平位移大很多并以静力位移为中心上下波动,并在阻尼作用下收敛到静力位移。初始静力荷载效应使瞬时动力响应的振幅比无初始静力荷载效应的结构的水平和竖向位移振幅小。初始静力效应对结构瞬态响应的影响与刚度、质量、阻尼等因素有关,刚度越小,质量、阻尼越大时,初始静力荷载效应对结构最大位移影响越小。在对底层边柱突然失效的高层结构进行分析时,必须计算结构的瞬时动力响应。建议以较为简单的无初始静力荷载效应时的瞬时动力响应作为结构设计依据,其结果趋于安全。     

微型保鲜冷库的保温性能研究

利用传热学理论讨论了不同保温材料及不同厚度对微型冷库运行过程中热负荷的影响,并在此基础上利用数学优化理论讨论了保温材料的最佳保温层厚度。结果表明,在微型冷库生命周期内最佳保温层厚度与微型冷库的库容无关,而只与电价、制冷机组的价格系数等因素有关。     

两次拟合灰色模型在中长期电力负荷预测中的运用

针对普通灰色预测模型在预测过程中当历史数据有较大波动时预测精度较差的问题，对两次拟合等维灰色预测模型进行研究，并对其进行改进，通过对华北某地区用电量的建模预测验证其有效性。两次拟合灰色预测模型是利用一次拟合的结果重新建模，经研究发现当历史数据有较大波动时，利用两次拟合灰色预测模型进行预测可以提高模型的精度。     

我国农用农药环境影响评价

2000年我国农用农药需求量23.31万t.农田农药年负荷量和单次用量分别是1.78kg/hm2和471.6g/hm2;高毒农药和水溶性农药的用量分别是7.109万t和12.01万t.农药总排毒系数和每公顷的排毒系数分别是2794.36×106t/hm2和21.50t/hm2,使用杀虫剂的平均LD50为48mg/kg.低效、高毒和水溶性农药生产量和使用量大是我国农药品种结构不合理的主要标志,优化这种农药品种结构是非常必要的.     

层布式钢纤维混凝土路面荷载应力分析

建立了层布式钢纤维混凝土路面的荷载应力计算模型,利用ANSYS软件对有限元法的收敛性进行了分析,并通过参数敏感性分析,得出了路面板长度、厚度、钢纤维掺量、基层顶面当量回弹模量Et、中层素混凝土模量等因素对荷载应力的影响规律。