STATIC ANALYSIS OF THE BODY OF MAN''S DRY GAS HOLDER WITH A VOLUME OF 120000m~3

This paper presents finite element calculations of the body of MAN'S dry gas holders with a volume of 120000m~3 under internal pressure and wind load. The analyses of displacements and internal forces of the body are presented. The control points of strength and rigidity check are determined. The work in this paper is very valuable to body's design.     

Developmental abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and their effect on seed set

Summary Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) is a vegetatively propagated crop plant that flowers abundantly but sets only few seeds. We examined if the low seed/ovule ratio can be explained by morphological abnormalities in ovules, embryo sacs or embryos. In 35 clones growing in the actual area of cultivation in Ecuador and in 5 clones grown in Finland flowers were analysed by clearing technique. About half of all analysed clones contained ovules and embryo sacs whose development was arrested, in two clones there were embryo sacs whose cell patterns were abnormal and in four clones there were double embryo sacs. There were both normal and abnormal ovules and embryo sacs in the same plant. Genetic load is suggested to be one of the causes for the low sexual fertility found in ulluco. It may be incapable of maintaining homeostasis of development of the ovule and embryo sac in a varying environment. The occurrence of developmental abnormalities should be studied in each clone intended for inclusion in traditional breeding programmes.     

Determination of Load Share between Gear Teeth with Contact Finite Element Method

The determination of load share between teeth is a complex problem in gear strength calculation. On the basis of contact finite element method this paper considers the production-assembly error as initial gap to get the finite element model which meets load share between teeth in gear meshing. Through calculating and comparing the result with that from ISO formula to get the load share between teeth which meets the requirements in actual usage.     

Stand structure, fuel loads, and fire behavior in riparian and upland forests, Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA; a comparison of current and reconstructed conditions

Fire plays an important role in shaping many Sierran coniferous forests, but longer fire return intervals and reductions in area burned have altered forest conditions. Productive, mesic riparian forests can accumulate high stem densities and fuel loads, making them susceptible to high-severity fire. Fuels treatments applied to upland forests, however, are often excluded from riparian areas due to concerns about degrading streamside and aquatic habitat and water quality. Objectives of this study were to compare stand structure, fuel loads, and potential fire behavior between adjacent riparian and upland forests under current and reconstructed active-fire regime conditions. Current fuel loads, tree diameters, heights, and height to live crown were measured in 36 paired riparian and upland plots. Historic estimates of these metrics were reconstructed using equations derived from fuel accumulation rates, current tree data, and increment cores. Fire behavior variables were modeled using Forest Vegetation Simulator Fire/Fuels Extension.Riparian forests were significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, with greater basal area (BA) (means are 87 vs. 29 m²/ha), stand density (635 vs. 208 stems/ha), snag volume (37 vs. 2 m³/ha), duff loads (69 vs. 3 Mg/ha), total fuel loads (93 vs. 28 Mg/ha), canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.12 vs. 0.04 kg/m³), surface flame length (0.6 vs. 0.4 m), crown flame length (0.9 vs. 0.4 m), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.03), predicted mortality (31% vs. 17% BA), and lower torching (20 vs. 176 km/h) and crowning indices (28 vs. 62 km/h). Upland forests were also significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, yet changes in fuels and potential fire behavior were not as large. Under current conditions, riparian forests were significantly more fire prone than upland forests, with greater stand density (635 vs. 401 stems/ha), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.22), predicted mortality (31% vs. 16% BA), and lower quadratic mean diameter (46 vs. 55 cm), canopy base height (6.7 vs. 9.4 m), and frequency of fire tolerant species (13% vs. 36% BA). Reconstructed riparian and upland forests were not significantly different. Our reconstruction results suggest that historic fuels and forest structure may not have differed significantly between many riparian and upland forests, consistent with earlier research suggesting similar historic fire return intervals. Under current conditions, however, modeled severity is much greater in riparian forests, suggesting forest habitat and ecosystem function may be more severely impacted by wildfire than in upland forests.     

Soil compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions

Soil compaction is one of the major problems facing modern agriculture. Overuse of machinery, intensive cropping, short crop rotations, intensive grazing and inappropriate soil management leads to compaction. Soil compaction occurs in a wide range of soils and climates. It is exacerbated by low soil organic matter content and use of tillage or grazing at high soil moisture content. Soil compaction increases soil strength and decreases soil physical fertility through decreasing storage and supply of water and nutrients, which leads to additional fertiliser requirement and increasing production cost. A detrimental sequence then occurs of reduced plant growth leading to lower inputs of fresh organic matter to the soil, reduced nutrient recycling and mineralisation, reduced activities of micro-organisms, and increased wear and tear on cultivation machinery. This paper reviews the work related to soil compaction, concentrating on research that has been published in the last 15 years. We discuss the nature and causes of soil compaction and the possible solutions suggested in the literature. Several approaches have been suggested to address the soil compaction problem, which should be applied according to the soil, environment and farming system.

The following practical techniques have emerged on how to avoid, delay or prevent soil compaction: (a) reducing pressure on soil either by decreasing axle load and/or increasing the contact area of wheels with the soil; (b) working soil and allowing grazing at optimal soil moisture; (c) reducing the number of passes by farm machinery and the intensity and frequency of grazing; (d) confining traffic to certain areas of the field (controlled traffic); (e) increasing soil organic matter through retention of crop and pasture residues; (f) removing soil compaction by deep ripping in the presence of an aggregating agent; (g) crop rotations that include plants with deep, strong taproots; (h) maintenance of an appropriate base saturation ratio and complete nutrition to meet crop requirements to help the soil/crop system to resist harmful external stresses.     

Sliding friction test analysis of TiAlN/TiN coatings on 40Cr steel

TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is made on the surface of 40Cr steel by means of multi-arc ion plating technology. Carrying capacity and tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating are investigated with a UMT-2 wear tester without lubrication. The surface morphology of wear specimens are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Elements of wear scar center and their content are analyzed by EDS. Tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN coating are evaluated through comparing with 40Cr in friction coefficient and wear volume. The results show that tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is better than 40Cr. The TiAlN/TiN films is superior in reducing friction and wear resistance, and can successfully resist abrasive wear and adhesive wear.     

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.     

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.     

串并联谐振晶闸管中频电源的负载充磁启动方法研究

提出与研究了具有串并联谐振负载的晶闸管中频电源的一种新启动方法——负载充磁启动。该方法利用简单的辅助充磁电路，在启动时使负载槽路建立磁化能量1/2LI0^2，补充启动时电路的能量损失；在充磁电容器建立电能1/8CUd^2，保证充磁晶闸管和逆变桥主晶闸管之间的可靠换流，从而建立可靠的负载换流条件。文章建立了该方法工作过程的数学模型，完成了理论分析，得出了相应的设计公式。仿真验证了该方法的正确性，表明该方法适用于串并联负载谐根逆变器。     

薄板稳定性有限元分析中几何刚度阵的进一步研究

本文对薄板稳定性有限分析中的精化几何刚度矩阵作了进一步改进，使其列式更为简单，且保持精度高、适应能力强的特点。