Dose response to soluble fiber in barley in lowering blood lipids in hamster

Diets containing 0, 25, 50, or 75% finely ground barley (high in soluble fiber and soluble -glucans) were fed to groups of hamsters. After four weeks, serum total cholesterol (CH) levels in these animals were most elevated in the group fed the barley-free (0% barley) diet. Compared to animals eating this diet, the 25% barley diet lowered CH by 16.4%. However, the 50% barley diet lowered CH further by only 4.1% while the 75% barley diet caused virtually no further lowering of CH. Thus, the CH-lowering response to barley cannot be viewed as a dose dependent response. The lowering pattern for serum triglycerides, however, suggested a dose dependent response. Serum total-CH: high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-CH or low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-CH:HDL-CH ratios were not significantly affected by barley level in the diets.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Three Rice Varieties Following Storage

The petroleum ether extractable lipids (PEE-L) and aqueous propan-1-ol extractable lipids (PWE-L) of three varieties of rice were determined gravimetrically and characterised by fatty acid profiles. The content of PEE-L (22·5–28·2 mg g⁻¹) was higher than that of PWE-L (7·4–11·5 mg g⁻¹) in brown rice with the situation reversed in milled rice (3·0–4·5 mg g⁻¹vs. 7·2–8·7 mg g⁻¹). The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid was about two times higher in PEE-L than that in PWE-L for both brown and milled rice reflecting the selective complexation of saturated fatty acids. Rice storage at 37 °C resulted in some minor but statistically significant changes in the fatty acid profile. In the case of brown rice, the only notable changes were a reduction in the amounts of oleic and linoleic acids in the aqueous propan-1-ol extractable fatty acid fraction (PWE-FA) following storage at the higher temperature. Milled rice of all three varieties showed a decrease in linoleic acid content of PEE-L following storage at 37 °C for 4 and 7 months compared to storage at 4 °C. There was no change in fatty acid contents of PWE-L of milled rice when stored at 4 and 37 °C for 4 and 7 months. This implies that the PWE-L (or bound lipids) were more stable than PEE-L (or free lipids) during storage.     

Lipid distribution in potato tubers

Summary To elaborate on off-flavour development in dehydrated potato granules, lipids in subcellular particles and membrane systems of the tuber were investigated. Lipid acyl-hydrolase and lipoxygenase activities were suppressed in tuber homogenates by a buffer isolation medium of pH 7.8 containing nupercaine which minimized the breakdown of phospho- and galactolipids. Phospholipid, glycolipid and neutral lipid constitutents, their fatty acid composition, and unsaturation ratios were reported for amyloplasts, cell wall, microsomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and plasmalemma.

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Zusammenfassung Analysen von Kartoffelknollen wurden durch lipidabbauende Enzyme, Lipidacylhydrolase (LAH) und Lipoxygenase (LOX) behindert. Die LOX-Aktivit?t in handelsüblicherzugten Kartoffeln war hoch (Tabelle 1) und konnte durch gew?hnliche Inhibitoren nicht beeinflusst werden (Tabelle 2). Die LAH-Aktivit?t, die mit Phospholipiden (PL) und Galactolipiden als Substrate hoch war, wurde durch Nupercaine in verschiedenem Ausmass unterdrückt (Tabelle 3), dessen Weglassung w?hrend der Lipidanalyse von Kartoffelmembranen und subzellularen Partikeln hohe Lipidverluste verursachen k?nnte (Tabelle 4). Lipidergebnisse für mikrosomale Pr?parate, Mitochondrien, Peroxisomen, Plasmalemmen und St?rkek?rner (Tabellen 5–9) wurden wiedergegeben: nach Isolation bei pH 7,2, wenn die LOX-Aktivit?t nicht gehemmt war (Verfahren A); in einer Puffersubstanz von pH 7,8 ohne Nupercaine, wenn wohl die Aktivit?t von LOX unterdrückt war, nicht aber jene von LAH (Verfahren B); und bei pH 7,8 mit Nupercaine, wenn die Aktivit?t beider Enzyme unterdrückt war (Verfahren C). In den meisten Analysen zeigte die Lipidzusammensetzung, wenn die Aktivit?t beider Enzyme nicht unterdrückt wurde, eine entsprechende Anreicherung von PL, Sterollipiden und freien Fetts?uren (FFA) und ihrer Abbauprodukte sowie eine Abnahme im Gehalt an Galactolipiden. Kleine Mengen von Lipiden wurden in Form von Lipidpartikeln und verbunden mit Knollenzellw?nden gefunden (Tabelle 10). Die Fetts?urezusammensetzung des Gesamtlipids und einige besondere Lipidbestandteile und ihr Nichts?ttigungsverh?ltnis (UR) wurden nur für Verfahren C berechnet. Wenn dieses Verfahren weggelassen wurde, wie dargestellt mit Hilfe der St?rkelipid-Zusammensetzung, ergab sich nicht nur ein Verlust von Membran-PL und Galactolipiden. Fast die H?lfte der zurückgebliebenen neutralen Lipidfraktion war in Form von FFA in verschiedenen Graden oxydiert (Tabelle 9). Das UR der Gesamtlipide (TL) schwankte zwischen 0,4 und 2,9. Es war niedrig in der Zellwand, h?her im Plasmalemma und am h?chsten innerhalb der Zytoplasmamembranen. Das UR nahm dann bei den Vacuolen mit St?rkek?rnern ab. Die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die Bestimmung der Funktion von Lipiden in einem handelsüblichen Verfahren zur Herstellung von Püreepulver wirdt diskutiert.

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Résumé La dégradation enzymatique des lipides par la lipide acyl hydrolase (LAH) et par la lipoxygénase (LOX) génait l’analyse biochimique des tubercules de pomme de terre. L’activité de la LOX était importante dans les pommes de terre cultivées pour la commercialisation (tableau 1) et n’était pas affectée par les inhibiteurs courants (tableau 2). L’activité de la LAH, qui était forte avec les phospholipides (PL) et les galactolipides, était inhibée sur différents substrats par la nuperca?ne (tableau 3); l’absence de cette dernière durant l’analyse de la membrane et des organites intracellulaires du tubercule causait de fortes pertes en lipides (tableau 4). Les résultats obtenus avec les lipides des préparations de microsomes, mitochondries, peroxysomes, plasmalemme et de grains d’ amidon (tableaux 5 à 9) sont exposés; après isolement à pH 7,2 sans inhibition de l’activité de la LOX (procédé A); dans une solution tampon à pH 7,8 sans nuperca?ne alors que l’activité de la LOX est inhibée mais non celle de la LAH (procédé B); et à pH 7,8 avec nuperca?ne et inhibition de l’activité des deux enzymes (procédé C). Dans le cas où l’activité des deux enzymes n’était pas inhibée, la composition en lipides montrait un enrichissement relatif en PL, stérols, acides gras libres (FFA) et en leurs produits de dégradation ainsi qu’une diminution de la teneur en galactolipides. Une petite quantité de lipides était retrouvée sous la forme de particules lipidiques associées aux membranes cellulaires (tableau 10). L’étude de la composition en acides gras des lipides totaux et de quelques constituants lipidiques ainsi que la mesure de leur taux d’insaturation (U.R.) ont été effectuées seulement pour le procédé C. Quand ce procédé n’était pas employé, comme l’illustre la composition en lipides de l’amidon, il y avait non seulement une perte de PL et galactolipides membranaires mais la moitié de la fraction lipidique neutre retenue se trouvait sous la forme de FFA oxydés à différents degrés (tableau 9). L’U.R. des lipides totaux (TL) variait de 0,4 à 2,9; il était bas dans les membranes cellulaires, plus élevé dans le plasmalemme et le plus haut dans les membranes cytoplasmiques. L’U.R. diminuait dans les vacuoles contenant des grains d’amidon. L’intérêt de cette découverte pour la détermination des lipides au cours de la fabrication industrielle de granules de pomme de terre est discuté.

     

Effects of temperature and feed composition on essential fatty acid (n-3 and n-6) retention in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr

Retentions of total n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) were assessed in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr held at 8 °C and 2 °C until they increased in weight from ca. 19 g to 38 g. Feeds contained sandeel oil or a rapeseed:linseed oil blend at 21 and 34% dietary fat. EFA retention efficiencies [(g EFA gained g EFA ingested-1) × 100] were estimated by the 'mass balance method' from measurements of feed intake, changes in biomass for each tank of fish, and fatty acid compositions of the feeds and fish. The n-3 EFA retentions were higher (overall mean 71%) across feed treatments and temperatures than the n-6 EFA retentions (overall mean 63%). Retentions of the n-3 fatty acids were higher in the fish given the feeds with the lower fat content (77% vs. 65%), implying improved retention with reduced n-3 EFA availability. n-3 EFA retention tended to be higher at 2 °C than at 8 °C, although this was not consistent across feeds. At low temperature there was very high retention of the n-3 EFAs in feeds containing sandeel oil (80%). Such high retention may represent an adaptation response to low temperature. Lower n-6 EFA retentions imply that more n-6 fatty acids were metabolized than n-3 EFAs. Feed oil influenced retention of the n-6 fatty acids, retention being lower for the salmon parr given the feeds containing sandeel oil (56% vs. 71%). This could indicate a higher tissue deposition of n-6 fatty acids when they are freely available via the diet. Abbreviations: AA – arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6); DHA – docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3); EFA – essential fatty acid; EPA – eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3); HUFA – highly-unsaturated fatty acid (\ge4 double bonds); MUFA – monounsaturated fatty acid (1 double bond); PL – phospholipid; PUFA – poly-unsaturated fatty acids (\ge2 double bonds); SFA – saturated fatty acid (no double bond); TAG – triacylglycerol. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds

ABSTRACT: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry.     

红枣醋和枳椇醋减肥降血脂作用研究

采用红枣醋、枳椇醋对小鼠进行试验,研究红枣醋和枳椇醋的减肥降血脂作用.结果表明,试验组小鼠血清总胆固醇和甘油三脂、动脉硬化指数、生殖器周围脂肪质量均较普通对照组及肥胖和高血脂对照组明显下降,而高密度脂蛋白却高于高脂模型组,说明红枣醋和枳椇醋均具有减肥降血脂的保健作用,且红枣醋减肥降血脂效果更好.     

丽草蛉滞育预蛹的重要生化物质变化分析

丽草蛉是多种农林害虫的重要捕食性天敌昆虫,能以预蛹进行兼性滞育越冬,该属性对延长丽草蛉的产品货架期、增加产品储备量及促进产品运输具有重要意义。本研究分别测定了丽草蛉非滞育预蛹（1日龄）和滞育预蛹（1日龄、7日龄）体内的总蛋白质、脂类、糖类及醇类等主要生化物质的含量,以及脂肪酶、海藻糖酶、抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶）等关键酶的活性变化,比较了非滞育和滞育丽草蛉预蛹体内重要生化物质的差异。结果表明：滞育和非滞育丽草蛉的生理生化特征显著不同,滞育预蛹显著积累蛋白质、脂类、甘油三酯、糖原等能源物质以及甘油、海藻糖等低温保护物质,并且滞育个体的抗氧化防御能力显著增强,这些生理生化变化有助于提高丽草蛉的抗逆性,满足滞育维持期及滞育解除后恢复发育的能量需求,保证滞育个体的发育和存活。结果为解析丽草蛉滞育的生理机制奠定了基础。     

日粮能量和蛋白水平对肉鸡腹脂和血脂的影响

对７０８只（公、母各半）５～９周龄黄羽肉鸡进行３个代谢能水平（１３．４,１２．５,１１．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ）和３个粗蛋白水平（２２．４％,１９．４％,１６．４％）交叉的饲养试验,以探讨日粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平时黄羽肉鸡腹脂和血脂水平的影响。日粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对腹脂有明显影响,腹脂随日粮代谢能水平的升高而升高（Ｐ＜０,０１）。随粗蛋白水平的升高而降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。日粮能量和蛋白水平对板油的影响与腹脂相似。日粮代谢能水平对肌胃脂无明显影响;日粮粗蛋白水平对肌胃脂重无明显影响,但对肌胃脂率有一定影响（Ｐ＝０．０７）。日粮粗蛋白和代谢能水平对血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）、甘油三酯、胆固醇及总脂浓度均有显著影响（Ｐ＜８．０５）,８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度随日粮代谢能的升高而降低（Ｐ＜０．０００１）;血浆总脂和胆固醇浓度均随日粮代谢能、粗蛋白水平的升高而降低（Ｐ≤０．００１）。肉鸡８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ水平明显存在日粮能量和蛋白的互作效应（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而血浆甘油三酯、胆固醇和总脂水平不存在明显的能量和蛋白的互作（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

2007～2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅴ.脂肪(酸)营养

反刍动物产品如牛奶,牛、羊肉等,是人类重要的膳食组成,其脂肪品质及脂肪酸组成与人体健康密切相关,如何合理调控反刍动物脂肪代谢过程,优化饲养模式,改善产品脂肪品质是反刍动物脂类营养研究的关键问题。作者对2007～2008年反刍动物脂类营养研究进展作一简要综述。国内的研究热点主要集中于脂肪酸代谢通路的研究、补充脂肪（脂肪酸）对反刍动物生产性能及产品脂肪酸组成的影响和瘤胃惰性脂肪的应用研究。而国外反刍动物营养脂类研究中除了上述3点外还对乳腺脂肪酸代谢调控和瘤胃后脂肪酸消化、吸收方面有较深入的研究。     

Fat feeding increases equine heparin-released lipoprotein lipase activity

The aim of this study was to establish the dose-response relationship between fat intake and heparin-released plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in horses. Eight mature trotters were fed 4 rations with different fat levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.7, or 10.8% fat in the dry matter) according to a 4 X 4 Latin square design. The experimental rations consisted of hay and different concentrates; the concentrates and hay were given in a 3:1 ratio on an energy basis. Soybean oil was added to the concentrates at the expense of isoenergetic amounts of glucose. Blood samples were taken at the end of each dietary period, which lasted 3 weeks. Fat feeding was found to increase heparin-released plasma LPL activity in a dose-dependent fashion. When the data from this study and previous studies were combined it was calculated that an increase in fat intake by 1 g/kg dry matter is associated with an increase in LPL activity by 0.98 micromol fatty acid released-mL(-1) x h(-1). Fat feeding raised the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and phospholipids. Diet did not have a statistically significant effect on plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. The results are discussed in the light of the possible enhancing effect of fat feeding on the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle.