酶法合成功能性油脂新工艺研究

研究了不同条件下脂肪酶催化大豆油与辛酸甲酯的酯交换反应,分析了酯交换反应后反应物的成分。结果表明:在加酶量16%,反应温度42℃,底物摩尔比8∶1,叔丁醇作为溶剂反应16 h的条件下,脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM催化酯交换反应程度最高,此时辛酸插入率最高达到59.45 moL%。同时,产物中还检测到了棕榈酸甲酯(14.58 moL%)、油酸甲酯(21.36 moL%)、亚油酸甲酯(45.44 moL%),以及少量的硬脂酸甲酯(5.28 moL%)和亚麻酸甲酯(2.56 moL%),这些长链脂肪酸甲酯都是生物柴油的主要成分。高附加值的生物柴油有效降低了酶法合成功能脂质的成本,增强了该工艺规模化操作的可行性。     

Synchrotron X-ray scattering analysis of the interaction between corn starch and an exogenous lipid during hydrothermal treatment

Lipids have an important effect on starch physicochemical properties. There exist few reports about the effect of exogenous lipids on native corn starch structural properties. In this work, a study of the morphological, structural and thermal properties of native corn starch with L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, the main phospholipid in corn) was performed under an excess of water. Synchrotron radiation, in the form of real-time small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), was used in order to track structural changes in corn starch, in the presence of LPC during a heating process from 30 to 85 °C. When adding LCP, water absorption decreased within starch granule amorphous regions during gelatinization. This is explained by crystallization of the amylose-LPC inclusion complex during gelatinization, which promotes starch granule thermal stability at up to 95 °C. Finally, a conceptual model is proposed for explaining the formation mechanism of the starch-LPC complex.     

Lipids in bread making: Sources, interactions, and impact on bread quality

Lipids exhibit important functional properties in bread making, although they are present in lower levels than starch or protein. They originate from flour, in which they are endogenously present, or from added shortening and/or surfactants. This review discusses lipid sources and their interactions during the entire process of bread making from dough mixing to fermentation, proofing, baking and the stored product. The focus is on lipid interactions with starch and gluten proteins, their role in gas cell stabilisation and their impact on bread loaf volume, crumb structure and crumb firming. Widely accepted views on lipid functionality, although often opposing, are presented and critically discussed.     

Nutritional status of a nereidid polychaete cultured in sand filters of mariculture wastewater

This study examined the nutritional composition of the intertidal marine polychaete Perinereis helleri (Nereididae) when artificially cultured in sand filters treating mariculture wastewater. Moisture levels in harvested P. helleri ranged from 758 to 855 g kg^?1, and ash, from 23 to 61 g kg^?1 wet matter (WM). Stocking density and graded size after harvest significantly affected their composition. Higher total lipid contents were found in large (>0.6 g) P. helleri (16–19 g kg^?1 WM) and those grown at the lowest density (1000 m^?2: 18 g kg^?1 WM) than in small (≤0.6 g) ones (14 g kg^?1 WM) and those grown at the highest densities (4000–6000 m^?2: 13–16 g kg^?1 WM). Several fatty acids within a very broad profile (some 30 identified) reflected this pattern, yet their ARA/EPA/DHA ratios were relatively unaffected. Feeding the polychaete‐assisted sand filters (PASF) with fish meal to increase worm biomass productivity significantly increased their DHA content. Other components (e.g. protein, phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrate, amino acids, nitrogen, minerals and bromophenols) and nutritional factors (e.g. maturity, feeding seaweed and endemic shrimp viral content) were also investigated. Results suggest that PASF‐produced P. helleri have a well‐balanced nutritional profile for penaeid shrimp and fish broodstock.     

Biological performance of Octopus vulgaris in ‘integrated aquaculture’ models: effect of two potential fresh diets,sex and sexual maturation during the grow‐out phase

Two fresh diets were tested on the biological performance of males and females of Octopus vulgaris under industrial rearing conditions in floating cages. The presence of females could potentially release paralarvae to the natural environment (‘integrated aquaculture’). Octopuses were fed on a single diet of bogue (aquaculture by‐product), and on a mixed diet (60–40% crab‐bogue), in two trials. In Trial 1 (918 ± 125 g), growth was higher in octopuses fed on the mixed diet (1.9–2.0%d^?1) than in those fed on the bogue diet (1.8–1.9%d^?1) irrespective of sex, and mortality was 3% regardless of sex and diet. In Trial 2 (1483 ± 269 g), growth was higher in males fed on the mixed diet (1.8%d^?1) than in males fed on the bogue diet (1.4%d^?1), both higher than females (1.1–1.3%d^?1), and mortality was 22–28% regardless of sex and diet. Best biological performance in trial 1 was related to the lack of functional maturation in females, evidence by the low average gonadosomatic index (2.0–3.6%) in comparison with trial 2 (8.8–11.4%), regardless of diet. No correlations between final weight and sexual maturity indices were found, so the length of the rearing period to maximize biomass increment or to release paralarvae depends on functional maturation in females.     

Enzymatic Digestion of Eye and Brain Tissues of Sockeye and Coho Salmon and Dusky Rockfish Commercially Harvested in Alaska

Potential feed ingredients with high lipid content were made by enzymatic digestion followed by centrifugation of eye tissue from dusky rockfish (Sebastes ciliatus), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and brain tissue from sockeye salmon. Supernatant fractions contained significant levels of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and were essentially pure triacyglycerides. For the digest of sockeye salmon brain tissue, the lipids were mainly composed of phospholipids (74%) and sterols (22%). Assays for amino acid profiles and mineral content of the precipitant layers were also performed.     

Physical and biochemical properties of effluent leaving an onshore Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua,Linnaeus 1758; Gadiformes: Gadidae) aquaculture facility and potential use in integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture

The physical and biochemical properties of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) wastes were analysed, and the waste remediation potential of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) was assessed. Waste generated daily by Atlantic cod represented 24.9% of the cod feed added to the system. Particle distributions determined using a Coulter Multisizer and image analysis revealed that the majority of the particles in terms of numbers occupy the smaller size ranges; however, larger particles occupy a larger proportion of the volume. Effluent was composed of particles <70 μm (36%), 70–500 μm (31%) and particles >500 μm (33%) by weight. The amount of dissolved carbon and nitrogen associated with the effluent represented 3.1% and 3.7%, respectively, of the total feed added to the system daily. Particles <70 μm had significantly less organic matter, lipids and fatty acids and were expected to be ingested more by mussels than larger particles. The major lipid classes present in effluent were free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, acetone mobile polar lipids and sterol. Cod effluent contained two essential fatty acids DHA and EPA, a diatom marker (16:1ω7), as well as two zooplankton markers 22:1ω11 and 20:1ω9, which accumulated in mussels and may serve as markers for aquaculture wastes. Although only 36% of the effluent was of a size suitable for mussel ingestion, this size fraction has the greatest potential to spread to surrounding areas. These particulates may be useful as an alternate food source when natural seston is low.     

Photo-Oxidative Stress-Driven Mutagenesis and Adaptive Evolution on the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Enhanced Carotenoid Accumulation

Marine diatoms have recently gained much attention as they are expected to be a promising resource for sustainable production of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and biofuels as a future clean energy solution. To develop photosynthetic cell factories, it is important to improve diatoms for value-added products. In this study, we utilized UVC radiation to induce mutations in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and screened strains with enhanced accumulation of neutral lipids and carotenoids. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was also used in parallel to develop altered phenotypic and biological functions in P. tricornutum and it was reported for the first time that ALE was successfully applied on diatoms for the enhancement of growth performance and productivity of value-added carotenoids to date. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to study the composition of major pigments in the wild type P. tricornutum, UV mutants and ALE strains. UVC radiated strains exhibited higher accumulation of fucoxanthin as well as neutral lipids compared to their wild type counterpart. In addition to UV mutagenesis, P. tricornutum strains developed by ALE also yielded enhanced biomass production and fucoxanthin accumulation under combined red and blue light. In short, both UV mutagenesis and ALE appeared as an effective approach to developing desired phenotypes in the marine diatoms via electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress.     

Variation in polar lipids located on the surface of wheat starch

It is unknown whether starch isolated before dough development has the same surface lipid composition as starch isolated after dough development. The abundance of starch surface polar lipids is related to the physical hardness of the endosperm, but the variation in specific lipid classes and molecular species is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in polar lipids present on the surface of wheat starch granules. The experimental wheat lines used are, within each set, near-isogenic to each other but vary in endosperm hardness. Starch was isolated using two different processes: a dough and a batter method. Direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantitatively determine the polar lipid species in wheat flour and on starch. Wide ranges in starch surface polar lipid concentrations were observed between the starch isolation methods. Starch isolation method provided a greater source of variation than did wheat kernel hardness. When dough is optimally mixed, lipids originally on the surface of wheat starch are dissociated, whereas in a batter system, starch surface lipids stay associated with the starch surface. The predominant starch surface polar lipids were digalactosyldigylcerol (DGDG), monogalactosyldigylcerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) polar lipid classes.     

鸡皮中功能性极性脂质成分的分析研究

[目的]以鸡皮为原料,分析研究对鸡皮极性脂质的功能性成分,为提取开发利用提供理论依据.[方法]硅胶柱层析法分离总脂质中的中性和极性脂质,利用双向薄层层析法进行极性脂质成分鉴定,气相色谱法分析脂质的脂肪酸组成.[结果]蛋鸡皮及肉鸡皮中脂质含量分别为31.8; 和40.5;,其中极性脂质分别占总脂质的1.8;和3.2;,主要是磷脂酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂PE),磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂PC),磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS), 鞘磷脂(SM)和磷脂酰肌醇(PI).总脂质的脂肪酸组成油酸(C18:1)含量最高,其次是棕榈酸(C16:0).蛋鸡皮的亚油酸(C18:2)含量高于肉鸡皮.极性脂质中主要的脂肪酸是C18:1,C18:2和C16:0,主要的甲基缩醛是十六二甲基缩醛和十八二甲基缩醛.[结论]肉鸡皮中极性脂质含量高于蛋鸡皮,主要由磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸、鞘磷脂和磷脂酰肌醇组成.