枇杷种子脱水敏感性的初步研究

枇杷（EriobotryajaponicaL.）种子成熟采收时含水量高达58.7％，其中子叶含水量为55.3％，胚轴的含水量为73.2％。新鲜种子的发芽率和活力指数分别为90％和0.81。轻度脱水能较大幅度地提高发芽率和活力指数。但随着脱水程度的不断加深，子叶和胚轴的超氧物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降，丙二醛（MDA）含量和种子浸泡液的电导率增加，种子活力迅速降低。当子叶和胚轴的含水量分别降至35.5％和28.0％时，种子发芽力完全丧失。枇杷种子脱水敏感的一个重要原因就是在脱水劣变过程中，发生了膜脂过氧化作用，从而使膜脂含量下降，膜结构和功能受损，最终导至种子活力丧失。     

Responses of soil organic matter and microorganisms to freeze-thaw cycles

Soil organic matter (SOM) biomarker methods were utilized in this study to investigate the responses of fungi and bacteria to freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) and to examine freeze-thaw-induced changes in SOM composition and substrate availability. Unamended, grass-amended, and lignin-amended soil samples were subject to 10 laboratory FTCs. Three SOM fractions (free lipids, bound lipids, and lignin-derived phenols) with distinct composition, stability and source were examined with chemolysis and biomarker Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry methods and the soil microbial community composition was monitored by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil microbial respiration was also measured before and during freezing and thawing, which was not closely related to microbial biomass in the soil but more strongly controlled by substrate availability and quality. Enhanced microbial mineralization (CO₂ flush), considered to be derived from the freeze-thaw-induced release of easily decomposable organic matter from microbial cell lyses, was detected but quickly diminished with successive FTCs. The biomarker distribution demonstrated that free lipids underwent a considerable size of decrease after repeated FTCs, while bound lipids and lignin compounds remained stable. This observation indicates that labile SOM may be most influenced by increased FTCs and that free lipids may contribute indirectly to the freeze-thaw-induced CO₂ flush from the soil. PLFA analysis revealed that fungal biomass was greatly reduced while bacteria were unaffected through the lab-simulated FTCs. Microbial community shifts may be caused by freezing stress and competition for freeze-thaw-induced substrate release. This novel finding may have an impact on carbon and nutrient turnover with predicted increases in FTCs in certain areas, because fungi and bacteria have different degradation patterns of SOM and the fungi-dominated soil community is considered to have a higher carbon storage capacity than a bacteria-dominated community.     

经济植物的抗寒性研究进展

综述了植物抗寒研究的新进展。植物在低温下的抗寒生长过程中，其形态结构及其超显微结构发生变化．膜脂的成分及蛋白质数量和种类也发生改变；植物的抗寒生理生化的变化是通过低温改变基因表达而引发的，在抗寒中起作用的基因已经识别出来，并且已经了解这些基因的作用方式．ABA和PP333等外源激素和钙离子能诱导植物体内的ABA水平提高，从而增强植物的抗寒能力。但诱导机理仍待研究。     

Skin surface lipids and skin and hair coat condition in dogs fed increased total fat diets containing polyunsaturated fatty acids

It is generally believed that diets containing increased amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) result in improved canine skin and hair coat (SHC). However, the extent to which dietary fat amount and type play a role remains to be systematically investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of both increased dietary fat amount and type on SHC assessments of dogs. Improvements of SHC conditions were investigated after feeding three diets containing increased total dietary fat (i.e. 13% total fat) for 12 weeks in relation to a lower fat acclimation diet (i.e. 9% total fat). The higher fat diets varied in polyunsaturated and saturated fat types and amounts but total fat was kept constant. Skin and hair coat assessments were performed at selected intervals by a trained group of veterinarians and graduate students. In addition, hair lipids were fractionated by thin layer chromatography after extraction of plucked hair samples. Significant improvements were found in hair coat glossiness and softness in all dogs fed the higher fat diets in relation to the acclimation diet. Improvements as a result of fat type were also seen but only at 12 weeks. A parallel finding was a marked increase in hair cholesteryl ester content determined at the end of the study at which time SHC scores were significantly improved. Skin and hair coat condition improvements may thus be related to increased cholesteryl ester deposited on the hair shaft surface when high fat diets are fed. Whereas this finding is preliminary, hair lipid analysis may be a useful, non-invasive technique with which to help assess dietary effects on canine SHC.     

抗脂肪细胞膜蛋白多克隆抗体对猪脂类和内分泌代谢的影响

 给15kg体重仔猪分别腹腔注射0,10,20,30mg抗脂肪细胞膜蛋白多克隆抗体。结果显示,抗脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体可显著提高血清脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）的活性和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的含量（P<0.05）,降低游离脂肪酸（FFA）和极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）的含量（P<0.05）,对血清总脂、甘油三酯（TG）、血清总胆固醇（CHO）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的含量无明显影响（P>0.05）。此外,该抗体可显著降低血清胰岛素（Ins）的水平（P<0.05）,提高三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）的水平（P<0.05）,而对血清生长激素（GH）和胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的水平无明显影响（P>0.05）。表明抗脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体可通过影响血液脂类代谢和激素的水平而减少体内脂肪沉积。     

转正义基因番茄类囊体膜脂不饱和度对抗旱性的影响

为探讨番茄类囊体膜脂脂肪酸的组成与其抗旱性的关系,以野生型(WT)和转正义LeFAD7基因株系T(+)-12为试材,测定了番茄叶片类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组成,干旱胁迫后的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、活性氧清除酶活性和脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,转正义基因番茄植株类囊体膜脂中亚麻酸(18∶3)含量升高,亚油酸(18∶2)含量下降,导致膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度升高。与WT相比,干旱胁迫下转正义基因番茄植株的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光合速率(Pn)下降程度较小,并能维持较高的抗氧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量。类囊体膜脂不饱和度的增加提高了番茄的耐旱性。     

植物油脂制备生物柴油及综合开发

综述了植物油脂制备生物柴油的进展及其综合开发利用,发现了植物油脂在利用过程中出现的问题,并针对问题提出了合理利用自然资源的建议。     

鲫鱼卵中脂质提取方法的比较

比较了提取鲫鱼卵的脂质和磷脂的三种方法.酶水解-乙醇法提取的脂质和磷脂的颜色较浅、得率较高,提取的磷脂主要成分为磷脂酰胆碱;正己烷-乙醇-丙酮法提取总磷脂、富含固醇的中性脂和含少量固醇类的中性脂,丙酮洗涤能有效地去除磷脂中的中性脂,特别是易溶于乙醇的固醇和三萜系醇,最低限度地使用有毒有机溶剂;而Bligh-Dyer提取总脂后液液萃取的经典方法提取脂质虽也较简便,但其大量使用有毒溶剂,安全性低.此外,甲醇单溶剂洗脱,紫外检测器在线检测进行的低压柱层析,分离正己烷-乙醇分提的磷脂,制备了较高纯度的磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺.     

Lipids in bread making: Sources, interactions, and impact on bread quality

Lipids exhibit important functional properties in bread making, although they are present in lower levels than starch or protein. They originate from flour, in which they are endogenously present, or from added shortening and/or surfactants. This review discusses lipid sources and their interactions during the entire process of bread making from dough mixing to fermentation, proofing, baking and the stored product. The focus is on lipid interactions with starch and gluten proteins, their role in gas cell stabilisation and their impact on bread loaf volume, crumb structure and crumb firming. Widely accepted views on lipid functionality, although often opposing, are presented and critically discussed.     

Ethanol Extraction of Polar Lipids from Nannochloropsis oceanica for Food,Feed, and Biotechnology Applications Evaluated Using Lipidomic Approaches

Nannochloropsis oceanica can accumulate lipids and is a good source of polar lipids, which are emerging as new value-added compounds with high commercial value for the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Some applications may limit the extraction solvents, such as food applications that require safe food-grade solvents, such as ethanol. However, the effect of using ethanol as an extraction solvent on the quality of the extracted polar lipidome, compared to other more traditional methods, is not yet well established. In this study, the polar lipid profile of N. oceanica extracts was obtained using different solvents, including chloroform/methanol (CM), dichloromethane/methanol (DM), dichloromethane/ethanol (DE), and ethanol (E), and evaluated by modern lipidomic methods using LC-MS/MS. Ultrasonic bath (E + USB)- and ultrasonic probe (E + USP)-assisted methodologies were implemented to increase the lipid extraction yields using ethanol. The polar lipid signature and antioxidant activity of DM, E + USB, and E + USP resemble conventional CM, demonstrating a similar extraction efficiency, while the DE and ethanol extracts were significantly different. Our results showed the impact of different extraction solvents in the polar lipid composition of the final extracts and demonstrated the feasibility of E + USB and E + USP as safe and food-grade sources of polar lipids, with the potential for high-added-value biotechnological applications.