Change in lipid peroxidation rate and accumulation of free proline in barley leaves under soil copper and zinc contamination conditions

The effect of copper and zinc contamination of soil on lipid peroxidation rate and accumulation of free proline in barley leaves is studied in a pot experiment. It is shown that not only the magnitude but also the direction of the effect change depending on the concentration of these elements in soil.     

Combined Effects of Nitrogen Concentration and Seasonal Changes on the Production of Lipids in Nannochloropsis oculata

Instead of sole nutrient starvation to boost algal lipid production, we addressed nutrient limitation at two different seasons (autumn and spring) during outdoor cultivation in flat panel photobioreactors. Lipid accumulation, biomass and lipid productivity and changes in fatty acid composition of Nannochloropsis oculata were investigated under nitrogen (N) limitation (nitrate:phosphate N:P 5, N:P 2.5 molar ratio). N. oculata was able to maintain a high biomass productivity under N-limitation compared to N-sufficiency (N:P 20) at both seasons, which in spring resulted in nearly double lipid productivity under N-limited conditions (0.21 g L⁻¹ day⁻¹) compared to N-sufficiency (0.11 g L⁻¹ day⁻¹). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased from 76% to nearly 90% of total fatty acids in N-limited cultures. Higher biomass and lipid productivity in spring could, partly, be explained by higher irradiance, partly by greater harvesting rate (~30%). Our results indicate the potential for the production of algal high value products (i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acids) during both N-sufficiency and N-limitation. To meet the sustainability challenges of algal biomass production, we propose a dual-system process: Closed photobioreactors producing biomass for high value products and inoculum for larger raceway ponds recycling waste/exhaust streams to produce bulk chemicals for fuel, feed and industrial material.     

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) puroindoline functionality in bread making and its impact on bread quality

Wheat puroindolines (PINs) spontaneously adsorb at air/water interfaces and show excellent foaming properties. They can positively impact bread quality, in which the formation of stable foam is important for product quality. The impact of endogenous PINs on bread quality was studied by preparing gluten–starch blends from isolated gluten and starch fractions with different PIN levels, which allowed largely retaining the interaction between PINs and flour components. Our results indicate that blends with high PIN levels yielded more homogeneous crumb structures with fine gas cells than bread made with blends containing medium or low PIN levels. However, the mechanism by which PINs exert this crumb improving effect is not clear. Varying PIN levels impacted neither dough extensibility nor did it result in different PIN levels in dough liquor. Lipid removal yielded bread with a less homogeneous crumb gas cell distribution, indicating that lipids also are required to obtain good crumb structure.     

葛根素对去卵巢大鼠对氧磷酶1活性及血脂的影响

为了探讨葛根素对去卵巢大鼠血清中对氧磷酶1(PON1)活性及血脂的影响,将48只雌性大鼠随机分为6组,设阴性对照组,即假手术对照组(SHAM);阳性对照组,即去卵巢对照组(OVX);雌激素治疗组(OE)及不同剂量葛根处理组,OPl20mg/(kg·d)、OPm50mg/(kg·d)、OPh100mg/(kg·d).8周后测定所有处理大鼠血清PON1活性、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)水平,计算动脉粥样硬化指数(AI).结果发现:OVX组大鼠PON1活性比假手术组(SHAM)降低,葛根素组和雌激素组的PON1活性比OVX组高,与SHAM组相似.OVX组HDL-C降低,LDL-C升高,葛根素组和雌激素组的HDL-C升高,LDL-C降低.多元线性回归分析发现,雌激素水平与PON1活性呈线性正相关(r=0.294,P=0.043).据此认为,葛根素可提高去卵巢大鼠PON1活性,降低动脉粥样硬化的易患性,可能有预防妇女绝经后心血管疾病发生的作用.     

共轭亚油酸对动物体脂代谢的影响及其作用机制

对共轭亚油酸的结构和来源、生物学功能及对动物体脂代谢的影响与作用机制进行了综述。重点论述了共轭亚油酸影响动物体脂代谢的作用机制,并对共轭亚油酸有待继续研究的问题进行了探讨。     

Liming effects on the chemical composition of the organic surface layer of a mature Norway spruce stand (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)

The application of lime in a mature Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) forest in southern Germany induced major changes in the activity of soil organisms and root growth. Since this may influence the chemical compostion of the soil organic matter (SOM) of the organic surface layer, its composition and changes due to the treatment were examined in this study.Fine roots of Norway spruce have a relatively low content of extractable lipids, a low alkyl C content (¹³C CPMAS NMR) and a high ratio of non-cellulosic to cellulosic carbohydrates (NC/CC, carbohydrate determination by MBTH and gas chromatography analyses) as compared to needles. Furthermore, they show high ratios of suberin/cutin compounds (thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation, (THM)) and high ratios of eicosanic acid/phytadiene I in their lipid extracts (pyrolysis-GC/MS).Liming (4 t ha⁻¹ dolomite) of a Norway spruce organic surface layer decreased the proportion of alkyl C, the alkyl C/O-alkyl C ratio, and the content of extractable lipids. The NC/CC ratio and the abundance of suberin relative to cutin components increased. The contribution of the chlorophyll component phytadiene I decreased in relation to eicosanic acid. These changes are attributed to increased fine root formation in the organic layer after liming. Furthermore, the presence of less degraded lignin (THM, peak ratio of 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, methyl ester/3,4-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde) on the limed plot is explained by the increased input of relatively fresh fine root material. On the other hand, the decrease in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio may be attributed to the higher microbial activity after liming.     

Oxidative stability of lipids from squid tissues

ABSTRACT: Oxidative stability of lipids from squid tissues was compared with those of other marine lipids. On the basis of peroxide formation, total lipids (TL) from squid viscera or squid muscle with skin were most oxidatively stable, followed by squid eye TL, trout egg TL, bonito oil, and tuna orbital TL, respectively. This tendency in oxidative stabilities was also confirmed by the decrease in unoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids during oxidation. Analyses of tocopherol contents and lipid compositions suggested that the higher oxidative stabilities of three kinds of squid tissue TL and trout egg TL compared to those of bonito oil and tuna orbital TL would be mainly because of the presence of phospholipids (PL) in squid tissue lipids and trout egg TL. However, the oxidative stability of lipids containing PL did not always decrease with increasing PL contents and stability was strongly influenced by PL composition. As squid viscera contained more than 25% of TL and these lipids were oxidatively stable, squid viscera may be used as a good resource of functional lipids rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.     

高温胁迫下转甜椒正义甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶基因（GPAT）烟草缓解PSⅡ光抑制

 【目的】探讨类囊体膜脂组成与高温光抑制的关系。【方法】以转甜椒正义甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶基因（GPAT）的烟草植株为试验材料，测定了类囊体膜脂组成，高温胁迫后的光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数。【结果】转基因烟草植株类囊体膜的单半乳糖甘油二脂（MGDG），双半乳糖甘油二脂（DGDG），硫代异鼠李糖甘油二脂（SQDG）和磷脂酰甘油（PG）的饱和程度均上升，其中MGDG饱和程度增加了16.2%，上升幅度最为显著。随胁迫温度的升高，转基因烟草植株与野生型植株Fv/Fm，ΦPSⅡ和Pn逐渐下降，但转基因植株下降幅度小于野生型，48℃时差异最为显著。【结论】转基因烟草植株类囊体膜脂脂肪酸饱和度增加，提高了PSⅡ热稳定性，缓解了PSⅡ光抑制。