黑液制备的腐植酸液肥和调理剂的棉花田间应用研究

为了给黑液实现资源化利用提供依据,在新疆进行了黑液腐植酸产品的田间试验,设计了3个处理,采用棉花定点定株方法调查其生理指标,并测定其生化指标,研究了它们对棉花的生长、产量和抗旱能力的影响。结果表明,在滴灌中应用腐植酸液肥,与常规固体肥料相比可明显促进棉花在各生育期的生长,能增加蕾、花和铃的数量,并且延长成熟时间,作物不易早衰。同时液肥还可提高棉花的经济性状,能够显著增加籽棉的产量,增产率可达12.3%。在棉花上使用该腐植酸产品后可降低叶片的蒸腾速率,提高叶片的保水能力和CAT活力,从而明显增强棉株的抗旱能力。黑液腐植酸产品对棉花具有良好的促长、增产和抗旱效果。     

Effect of Fabrication Technology on the Performance and Structure of Stearic Acid/Attapulgite Composite Phase Change Materials

Two kinds of stearic acid (SA)/ attapulgite (ATTP) composite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared for the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in buildings or other area by the methods of fusion and immersion, using SA as PCMs and ATTP supplied by Linze of Gansu province as supporting material. The structure, thermal properties, thermal reliability and heat storage or release performance of the composite PCMs were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal cycling test analysis technique. The results indicate that the preparation method has no effect on the structure and morphologies of the composites. Two kinds of composites have same structure due to the SA adsorbed in the surface of ATTP by physical reaction. The results also show that two form-stable composites PCMs have the optimal effect for preventing SA leak from the composite emerges when the maximum load proportion of SA in the composites were 38.64wt% and 29.13wt%. The latent heats and phase change temperature were measured as 68.71 J/g and 57.3℃ for the composite which was prepared by fusion method and 51.79 J/g and 55.2℃ for the composite fabricated by immersion method, respectively. The results of DSC, FTIR and thermal cycling test are all showing that two kinds of composites have good heat storage property but the composite prepared by fusion method has a better thermal and chemical stability.     

5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Activates Antioxidative Defence System and Seedling Growth in Brassica napus L. under Water‐Deficit Stress

The present study assesses the effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l^?1) on the growth of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. ZS758) seedlings under water‐deficit stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000, 0 and ?0.3 MPa). Water‐deficit stress imposed negative effects on seedling growth by reducing shoot biomass, cotyledon water potential, chlorophyll content and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbic acid) levels. On the other hand, water‐deficit stress enhanced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enzymatic antioxidants activities, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) and reduced/oxidized ascorbic acid (ASA/DHA) ratio in seedlings. Application of ALA at lower dosages (0.1 and 1 mg l^?1) improved shoot weight and chlorophyll contents, and decreased MDA in rape seedlings, whereas moderately higher dosage of ALA (10 mg l^?1) hampered the growth. The study also indicated that 1 mg l^?1 ALA improved chlorophyll content, but reduced MDA content and ROS production significantly under water‐deficit stress. Lower dosages of ALA (0.1 and 1 mg l^?1) also enhanced GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA as compared to the seedlings under water‐deficit stress. The antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) enhanced their activities remarkably with 1 mg l^?1 ALA treatment under water‐deficit stress. It was also revealed that 1 mg l^?1 ALA treatment alone induced the expression of APX, CAT and GR substantially and under water‐deficit stress conditions ALA treatment could induce the expression of POD, CAT and GR to a certain degree. These results indicated that 0.1–1 mg l^?1 ALA could enhance the water‐deficit stress tolerance of oilseed seedlings through improving the biomass accumulation, maintaining a relative high ratio of GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA, enhancing the activities of the specific antioxidant enzymes and inducing the expression of the specific antioxidant enzyme genes.     

作物连做障碍中酚酸类物质的生物降解研究

为了有效解决作物连做障碍中酚酸类物质的危害问题,探索了黄孢原毛平革菌所分泌的胞外酶系对酚酸类物质香草酸、阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸的降解功能。选用黄孢原毛平革菌(P.chrysosporium)与香草酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸等酚酸类物质共同培养3天后,用高效液相色谱技术检测其含量。结果表明,3种酚酸平均降解率分别为98.39%、97.88%和58.20%,其降解效果均达极其显著水平。该研究结果,将为今后在农业生产中有效利用该菌进行农作物连做障碍治理和改善土壤环境,提供了理论依据。     

植物抗寒工程中脂肪酸去饱和酶研究进展

低温是影响植物生长的重要因素之一。本文介绍了多不饱和脂肪酸与植物抗寒性的正相关关系,并从脂酰-ACP去饱和酶、脂酰-CoA去饱和酶、脂酰-脂去饱和酶等几个方面综述了近几年里与植物抗寒性相关的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的克隆、功能鉴定、表达调控等方面的研究进展。也讨论了一些对不饱和脂肪酸和植物耐低温间因果关系存在争议的研究报道。展望了应用基因工程技术培育出抗寒抗冻性较强的林业木材品种。     

钼对小白菜叶绿素和抗坏血酸含量以及硝酸盐累积的影响

研究了钼对盆栽小白菜叶绿素、抗坏血酸含量以及硝酸盐累积的影响。试验分为3组,对照组(CK),未施钼;试验1组(Mo1)施钼0.15mg/kg;试验2组(Mo2)施钼0.30mg/kg。盆栽3周后对小白菜取样,分别测定其硝酸盐、叶绿素和抗坏血酸的含量。结果表明,随着施钼量的增加,小白菜中硝酸盐的含量显著降低,叶绿素显著增加,且各组间差异极显著(p<0.01)。与CK相比,施钼后小白菜中抗坏血酸含量的增加幅度更大,其中Mo1组和Mo2组与对照组间差异极显著(p<0.01),而Mo1组和Mo2组之间差异显著(p<0.05)。钼可以显著改善小白菜的品质,有效防止其硝酸盐的累积。     

水稻籽粒中乙烯和ACC对土壤水分的反应及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

以武运粳8号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)为材,自抽穗后9 d至成熟期进行保持浅水层(WW)、土壤轻度落干(MD)和土壤水分严重亏缺(SD)3种处理。观察在不同土壤水分条件下灌浆期籽粒中乙烯和1-氨基环丙烷1-羧酸（ACC）浓度的变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系,并使用化学调控物质进行验证。结果表明,MD显著提高籽粒灌浆速率和粒重,SD明显降低籽粒灌浆速率和粒重。籽粒中乙烯释放速率和ACC浓度在MD中降低,在SD中增加。籽粒乙烯释放速率及根系伤流液中ACC浓度与籽粒中ACC浓度呈极显著的正相关。籽粒灌浆速率与乙烯释放速率呈极显著负相关。在花后9~13 d喷施乙烯合成的抑制物质氨基－乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG),明显降低籽粒中ACC的浓度和乙烯的释放速率,显著提高了籽粒灌浆速率和粒重以及籽粒中的蔗糖合成酶（SuSase）、ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）和可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSSase）活性;喷施乙烯释放的促进物质乙烯利,结果则相反。表明结实期土壤轻度落干或适度干旱处理可以抑制水稻体内乙烯的产生,促进籽粒灌浆。     

灌溉制度对不同基因型燕麦籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素含量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了不同灌水时期、灌水次数和灌水量对两个不同类型燕麦品种内农大莜1号（Avena nuda L.）和白燕7号（A. sativa L.）籽粒产量及营养品质性状的影响。结果表明,内农大莜1号籽粒粗蛋白、总磷、钙、镁、锌、铁（P<0.01）和钾含量（P<0.05）高于白燕7号。不同灌水制度对植酸、总磷、蛋白质、钙、镁、钾、锌、铁和铜含量有显著影响,全生育期灌水3次（底墒+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量1 800 m3 hm^-2;或灌水4次（底墒+分蘖水+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量2 400 m3 hm^-2有利于燕麦籽粒产量和大多数品质性状的提高。大多数品质性状存在显著的品种×灌水互作效应。不同营养品质性状随灌水量变化规律不一致,并存在基因型差异。     

播娘蒿油酸脱氢酶基因(DsFAD6)的克隆和表达分析

采用RACE-PCR的技术克隆了播娘蒿的油酸脱氢酶基因(DsFAD6),它是催化油酸转化为亚油酸的一个关键酶基因.DsFAD6 cDNA全长序列的开放阅读框长1 344 bp,编码一个由447个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,推测的蛋白质相对分子质量为51.16 kD,等电点为9.27.序列分析表明DsFAD6的氨基酸序列具有3个高度保守的组氨酸盒子,该结构在去饱和酶中是高度保守的,且在N端预测到信号肽,初步认定该酶定位于质体.序列比对和系统发生分析显示DsFAD6与十字花科植物FAD6基因具有较高一致性.RT-PCR分析表明,DsFAD6在根、茎、叶、花蕾、花及幼嫩角果中均表达,但在茎、叶和幼嫩角果中表达较高.胁迫诱导表达中,DsFAD6在播娘蒿叶片中表达明显受伤害胁迫诱导,但在冷胁迫下呈负相关.     

甘草悬浮培养细胞与甘草草药、植株中甘草酸的检测

采用不同的萃取剂从甘草的根、茎、叶、草药和甘草悬浮培养细胞中萃取甘草酸。结果表明,选择含氨0.5%、浓度为10%的乙醇溶液作为萃取剂,萃取得到的甘草酸粗品含量均高于50%乙醇萃取的萃取含量,检测出在优选甘草悬浮培养细胞中所含的甘草酸铵的含量高于其他材料,其中通过细胞悬浮培养,获得的甘草酸铵含量最高可达160.81 mg/g。