Translating the terrestrial mitigation hierarchy to marine megafauna by‐catch

In terrestrial and coastal systems, the mitigation hierarchy is widely and increasingly used to guide actions to ensure that no net loss of biodiversity ensues from development. We develop a conceptual model which applies this approach to the mitigation of marine megafauna by‐catch in fisheries, going from defining an overarching goal with an associated quantitative target, through avoidance, minimization, remediation to offsetting. We demonstrate the framework's utility as a tool for structuring thinking and exposing uncertainties. We draw comparisons between debates ongoing in terrestrial situations and in by‐catch mitigation, to show how insights from each could inform the other; these are the hierarchical nature of mitigation, out‐of‐kind offsets, research as an offset, incentivizing implementation of mitigation measures, societal limits and uncertainty. We explore how economic incentives could be used throughout the hierarchy to improve the achievement of by‐catch goals. We conclude by highlighting the importance of clear agreed goals, of thinking beyond single species and individual jurisdictions to account for complex interactions and policy leakage, of taking uncertainty explicitly into account and of thinking creatively about approaches to by‐catch mitigation in order to improve outcomes for conservation and fishers. We suggest that the framework set out here could be helpful in supporting efforts to improve by‐catch mitigation efforts and highlight the need for a full empirical application to substantiate this.     

5种方法提取真菌基因组DNA作为PCR模板效果的比较

本研究旨在比较CTAB法、改良CTAB法、SDS法、氯化苄法和Chelex-100法提取真菌DNA作为PCR模板的效果,以生长速率、菌落形态差异较大的11个煤污病菌属真菌为研究对象,以核糖体RNA(r RNA)基因中的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列和28S r RNA基因部分序列的扩增率为指标,采用SPSS软件对结果进行方差分析。结果表明,CTAB法和改良CTAB法适用真菌范围最广,分别有7个和9个属真菌的扩增率都大于70%且无显著性差异;氯化苄法和Chelex-100法适用范围居中,分别有6个和8个属真菌的扩增率较高且无显著性差异,扩增率分别大于70%和50%;SDS法适用范围最窄,有6个属真菌的扩增率高于50%且无显著性差异。大多数煤污病菌至少有2种及以上的DNA提取方法能够取得较好的效果,但链丝孢属真菌只有用氯化苄法提取DNA效果最好。采用改良CTAB法结合氯化苄法,能够满足所有供试煤污病菌类群真菌提取基因组DNA用作PCR反应模板的需要。     

无量山乌骨鸡体重和体尺测定及相关性分析

目的 研究不同性别无量山乌骨鸡体重、屠体重和体尺的相关性。方法 以18周龄无量山乌骨鸡为研究对象,测定公母各30只鸡体重、屠体重以及体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、胫围、髋宽、胸宽和胸深,应用独立样本t检验进行比较,采用Pearson分析法进行相关性分析。结果 无量山乌骨鸡公鸡体重、屠体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、胫围、髋宽、胸宽和胸深极显著（P<0.01）高于母鸡。公鸡体重与屠体重、龙骨长和胫围极显著（P<0.01）正相关。母鸡体重与屠体重极显著（P<0.01）正相关,与胫围显著（P<0.05）正相关。结论 公鸡体重和体尺显著高于母鸡;体重与屠体重和胫围显著正相关;骨骼发育相关的龙骨长、胫长和胫围等体尺指标存在相关性。     

Foraging areas of black‐browed and grey‐headed albatrosses breeding on Macquarie Island in relation to marine protected areas

• 1. Although marine protected areas (MPAs) are often established to protect threatened top‐order predators, there is a paucity of data that can be used to evaluate their efficacy in achieving this purpose.
• 2. We assessed the effectiveness of a network of MPAs around Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean by examining the foraging areas of breeding black‐browed Thalassarche melanophrys and grey‐headed albatrosses T. chrysostoma.
• 3. During late incubation and brood periods over 90% of time spent foraging by black‐browed albatrosses was contained within MPAs, principally the Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) around Macquarie Island. In contrast, grey‐headed albatrosses spent only 34% of their time foraging in MPAs.
• 4. Black‐browed and grey‐headed albatrosses spent 30% and 15% of their respective foraging times in the Marine Park around Macquarie Island.
• 5. Both black‐browed and grey‐headed albatrosses foraged in Antarctic waters under the jurisdiction of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), accounting for 5% and 12% of the total foraging times respectively.
• 6. The spatial extent of MPAs around Macquarie Island appear to adequately cover much of the foraging distribution of breeding black‐browed albatrosses from Macquarie Island.
• 7. Breeding grey‐headed albatrosses spend significantly more time in waters outside the spatial extent of the surrounding MPAs and are at higher risk from fisheries activities and other threats.
• 8. Further information on the foraging movements both of albatrosses outside the breeding season and of juvenile albatrosses is required to more fully assess the efficacy of MPAs in protecting foraging habitats of these species.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雷竹林地土壤酶活性研究

为了了解目前雷竹林地土壤酶活性状况,作者在１９９９年春季采样分析了浙江省临安市郊４个乡镇２３个雷竹户的竹林土壤。结果表明：雷竹地土壤酶活性变异在,２３块竹林土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷糖酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性的变异系数分别达到了３３．３７％,７１．００％,４９．６０％,３９．９０％和２８．０８％。蛋白酶活性与土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、蔗糖酶和脲酶的相关系数分别为０．８０１,０．９６２,０．７     

广西香蕉煤污病病原菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

香蕉是我国南方的重要特色作物,香蕉煤污病的发生降低了果实品质,严重影响其市场价值,给蕉农造成经济损失.为明确广西香蕉上新发生煤污病的病原及其生物学特性,采用单孢分离法获得病原菌株BFMY-2,并依据柯赫氏法则验证其为广西香蕉煤污病的病原菌.通过rDNA-ITS和SSU序列分析并结合形态学鉴定,将病原菌鉴定为枝状枝孢霉(...     

航华公园广玉兰煤污病的成因及无公害综合防治技术

指出了煤污病主要是由虫害引发的病害,不仅影响景观,而且容易造成植物死亡,是闵行地区较为严重的病害,分析了航华公园煤污病的成因,提出了通过修剪、刮除等多种人工措施及化学措施进行综合防治的工作,以期达到无公害防治的效果。     

松针红蜡蚧生态特性和危害行为研究

对松针红蜡蚧的生态特性和危害行为进行研究表明,此虫1年发生1代,其大发生受到土壤、地形、坡向和气候等多种因素的影响;它通过取食叶汁并分泌蜡状蜜露导致发生烟煤病,严重影响马尾松针叶的光合作用,使树木生长受阻而最终致死。松针红蜡蚧虫口密度与针叶变黑呈正相关,受害木的材积生长率受到较大影响。在发生区域内,松针红蜡蚧种群呈均匀分布,个体之间相斥。     

Preferred foraging areas of Heard Island albatrosses during chick raising and implications for the management of incidental mortality in fisheries

• 1. Incidental mortality in fisheries is causing declines in many albatross populations around the world. To assess potential interactions with regional fisheries satellite tags were used to track black-browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) and light-mantled sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria palpebrata) breeding on Heard Island during the chick-rearing periods of 2003/04. This was the first time individuals from either population had been tracked.
• 2. Black-browed albatrosses foraged largely within the Heard and McDonald Islands Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) north-east of the island, although 20% of foraging trips were to areas north of the EEZ into Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) areas 58.5.1 and 58.5.2 and into the Îles Kerguelen EEZ.
• 3. In contrast, the light-mantled sooty albatrosses foraged well south of Heard Island along the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Both species appear to face minimal risk of incidental mortality during the chick-rearing period in the regulated, legal fisheries, but are threatened by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels operating in the southern Indian Ocean.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of colony location and nekton abundance on the at-sea distribution of four seabird species

Although seabirds are locally superabundant in the vicinity of breeding colonies, abundance farther offshore is patchy in both space and time. The present study examines the fine-scale (i.e. 1 km unit) distribution and abundance of four seabird species as a function of distance from a breeding colony (for three of the four species) and nekton density determined hydroacoustically. We found that density of the breeding species was significantly associated with nekton density, after controlling for island effects. In addition, nekton density associated with foraging aggregations of seabirds was significantly higher than that under resting aggregations. These results provide some of the clearest evidence of seabird-nekton association, albeit on an extremely close spatial scale.