Effect of codling moth exclusion nets on the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, and its control by natural enemies

Exclusion nets aimed at controlling populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella are increasingly used in French apple orchards. The secondary effects of these so-called Alt’Carpo nets on other apple pests have not yet been thoroughly determined. This study was carried out to evaluate whether the presence of white nets (mesh size: 3 × 7.4 mm) affects the population dynamics of the rosy apple aphid (RAA), Dysaphis plantaginea and the abundance and composition of associated arthropod communities. We surveyed 50 infested shoots on a weekly basis throughout spring in 2008 and 2009 on apple trees with or without (control) nets in one insecticide-free orchard located in south-eastern France. At three dates in 2009, the RAA infestation rate was also computed by counting the total number of infested shoots per tree. The nets were installed at three different dates during the RAA lifecycle: September (September Netting Plot (SNP)), March (March Netting Plot (MNP)) and mid-April (April Netting Plot (ANP)). The abundance of RAA in the uncovered plot in 2008 was 1.75-fold higher than in the ANP. In 2009, this abundance was 1.39-fold higher than in the ANP and MNP, and slightly lower than in the SNP (1.07-fold). The nets (MNP and SNP) decreased the number of RAA colonies present in early spring. Interestingly, the nets reduced the duration of RAA infestation by 7–10 days. The highest reduction in RAA abundance and infestation rate was observed when nets were closed during the RAA development phase (ANP). The nets significantly reduced the abundance of ants on the marked shoots, especially in the ANP compared to the control. In addition, this study showed that nets have a significant negative influence on the abundance and richness of RAA-natural enemies. There was a significant decrease in the abundance of predators but no effect on the abundance of parasitoids. Syrphidae, Forficulidae and Coccinellidae were the most abundant natural enemy groups in the uncovered plot. Netting the plots led to a pronounced decrease in Coccinellidae abundance, a slight but significant decreased in Syrphids and had no effect on earwigs. Overall, Alt’Carpo exclusion nets had a direct negative impact on RAA population dynamics especially in the presence of at least one active natural enemy per marked shoot. These promising findings suggest that the combination of physical and biological control methods has potential for regulating RAA populations in organic orchards.     

Application of epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) to study the microstructure of wheat dough: a comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) technique

To study dough microstructure, epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) combined with digital image processing software was used, which enabled an improved image quality. A comparison was made between EFLM and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) methods. Both techniques were satisfactorily able to demonstrate changes in the dough microstructure upon different stages of z-blade mixing. Dough mixed for a shorter time (under-mixed) showed a heterogeneous structure with coarse protein domains and clusters of starch due to local segregation or de-mixing effect. Increasing mixing time (optimal mixing) led to development of interconnected gluten network covering starch granules throughout the dough, representing optimal development. Over-mixing led to formation of a homogeneous dough microstructure in which the gluten phase showed a fine distribution throughout the dough. Using a double staining method in the preparation of samples for both microscopic techniques it was possible to observe gluten network structures together with starch granules. Moreover, special features of image processing software described in this study enabled us to improve EFLM images and to obtain comparable images with CSLM. This could favour a low cost and a convenient microscopic observation of biomaterials.     

平欧杂交榛4个品种光合特性的比较研究

[目的]在伊犁河谷杂交榛示范园内,对拟推广的4个品种光合特性进行比较研究,旨在为制定杂交榛丰产栽培技术措施和扩大推广面积提供理论参考.[方法]采用ECA-PB0401光合测定仪活体测定了光合参数日变化特征、与光合速率相关的气象因子以及光合-光响应参数.[结果](1)3#品种的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线变幅最大,且忍受高温的能力较高;26#、28#和31#对高的光强忍耐程度较强;26#品种的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)日均值最高;28#品种对光强利用的能力最高,羧化速率(CE)日变幅和日均值较其它3个品种大.(2)4个品种的Pn日均值与产量成显著正相关,日均值及产量大小排序一致,均为28#＞26#＞3#＞31#.(3)影响杂交榛Pn的主要气象因子主次顺序为光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温、CO2浓度、空气相对湿度(RH).(4)3#品种的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)都较26#高,对高光强的利用能力较强.[结论]26#、28#、3#三个品种具有较31#更强的推广优势,同时,26#还具有较高的水分利用效率和光能利用效率;四个品种中,26#为干旱、半干旱气候区最佳栽培品种,适宜栽植和规模化发展的生态区范围较广.     

LED不同光质对洋桔梗组培苗可溶性蛋白含量的影响

研究LED不同光质对洋桔梗组培苗可溶性蛋白含量的影响,为植物组织培养专用LED光源的研发提供数据支持和理论依据。以切花洋桔梗组培苗为试材,在不同配比的LED光质下生长一段时间后,对叶片进行可溶性蛋白含量测定。试验结果表明:红蓝复合光(1RB)处理的组培苗可溶性蛋白含量最高,为14.314 3 mg/g;红蓝绿光(RBG)处理的组培苗可溶性蛋白含量最低,为8.106 3 mg/g。红蓝复合光最有利于洋桔梗组培苗可溶性蛋白的合成。     

LED不同光质对洋桔梗组培苗淀粉含量的影响

洋桔梗组培苗生长是洋桔梗组织培养环节中很重要的环节。该试验以洋桔梗组培苗为试验材料,将试验材料分为8组,研究不同光质对洋桔梗组培苗淀粉含量的影响。结果表明:LED处理中1 RB光照下的洋桔梗组培苗淀粉含量最高,为2.313 7 mg/g,2 RB光照下的洋桔梗组培苗淀粉含量最低,为1.008 7 mg/g。因此,组合光1 RB较传统光源荧光灯更能促进组培苗淀粉生成,该试验结果可为洋桔梗组培苗培育提供一定的理论指导。     

云南膏桐人工幼龄林生物量和生产力的研究

采用样方收获法和回归分析法,对云南红河流域膏桐(Jatropha curcas)人工幼龄林的生物量和生产力进行了研究。结果表明,3 a生膏桐人工幼龄林生态系统的生物量为26.025 t.hm-2,年平均净初级生产力为10.827 t.hm-2.a-1;生物量的结构表现为:灌木、草本层>干枝>枯落物>果实>根>叶。对膏桐人工幼龄林各器官生物量进行了回归分析,以地径平方乘株高(D2H)因子与叶、干枝、根和全株生物量相关关系最显著。     

6-BA缓解黄瓜弱光胁迫的浓度研究

在温室条件下,研究喷施不同浓度6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对弱光条件下不同类型黄瓜气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,华南型杂交组合‘07QP56’在10 μmol/L 6-BA处理条件下,欧洲迷你型杂交组合‘07QP51’在2,5 μmol/L 6-BA 处理时,可以较为明显地缓解由弱光导致的饱和光合速率(A_sat)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低的现象。同时,10 μmol/L 6-BA处理对缓解弱光下‘07QP56’的PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的降低也有一定的效果。‘07QP51’较‘07QP56’耐弱光,并且对高浓度6-BA处理也更为敏感。     

光照和温度对中型滇丁香种子萌发的影响

采用室内发芽试验法研究了不同光照和温度条件对中型滇丁香种子萌发的影响。结果表明,中型滇丁香种子的萌发需在有光照的条件下进行,在有光照状况下中型滇丁香种子萌发的最适温度为25℃。在此温度条件下,其种子12～14天开始萌发,2～3周萌发完全,种子发芽率可达98%。以25℃为界,温度的升高或降低均会降低其种子的发芽率。     

区域净初级生产力动态及其与气象因子的关系

基于MODIS遥感影像、气象数据和基础地理数据,采用CASA模型估算山东省2000-2005年净初级生产力(NPP),定性与定量相结合分析其时空格局及变化趋势,探讨温度、降水、地表太阳辐射与NPP时空分布的关系。研究表明:山东省NPP年累积碳量平均为252.1 g/m2,NPP总碳量在0.031~0.039 Pg/a,占全国总量的0.85%~1.47%;NPP年累积量在波动中上升,增加区域占研究区的78.8%,环渤海地区增势明显;NPP季节变化较大,7-9月上旬形成峰值区,占NPP年累积量的57.1%;NPP空间分布不均,除黄河三角洲为低值区外,其余地区呈现出由四周向中部递减的趋势;相关性分析表明温度和降水是研究区NPP季节分布的主导气象因子,温度在影响研究区NPP地理分布方面占据主导地位。     

低温弱光对苗期紫花苜蓿根颈生理特性的影响

以秋眠级不同的2个紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种(巨人201和WL414)为试验材料,研究了其在低温(0~5℃和5~10℃)与弱光[50和100μmol/(m2.s)]互作处理条件下的生理响应。结果表明:紫花苜蓿根颈在低温弱光胁迫下启动了自身应激机制,对逆境胁迫做出了适应性反应,相同弱光条件下,低温0~5℃比5~10℃对根颈的影响显著,过氧化物酶活性上升幅度较小,而超氧化物歧化酶活性的下降和丙二醛含量的增加幅度均较大;相同低温处理,弱光50μmol/(m2.s)处理对根颈生理指标影响更为显著,过氧化物酶活性上升、超氧化物歧化酶活性下降和丙二醛含量增加幅度大于弱光100μmol/(m2.s)处理;巨人201各项指标的变化都优于WL414,表明巨人201抗寒耐弱光能力都可能优于WL414。