在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

光照强度对雷竹无性系生长的影响

通过野外实验，对雷竹无性系在不同光照强度下的生长进行了对比分析，结果表明，随着光照强度的降低，雷竹无性系分株数、分株高度、分株基径、无性系根茎总长度、分株根茎长度显著降低，而间隔子长度不断增加；在不同光照条件下，根茎节间长度和分枝角度没有显著变化；随着光照强度的降低，无性系单位长度根茎生物量下降。并对雷竹无性系根茎生长对光照强度的适应对策进行了讨论。     

修枝对杨粮间作系统中光照及作物产量和生物量的影响

实验选取株行距 1m× 10m的毛白杨和花生间作田 ,研究修枝对间作田不同水平位置的光照及花生产量和生物量的影响。结果表明 :随修枝强度的增大 ,不同处理间作田相应位置的光照强度增强 ,花生的产量和生物量也随之增加。修一层枝和修两层枝的间作田 ,东林冠下测点日均光照强度分别比不修枝的提高 2 6 0 %和 5 5 1% ;西林冠下提高 19 0 %和 38 4 % ;行中提高 2 0 7%和 38 6 %。修一层枝、修两层枝的间作田花生产量分别比不修枝的提高17 1%和 4 7 6 % ,花生果生物量提高 17 6 %和 4 7 8% ,秸秆提高 12 0 %和 31 5 %。修枝对花生根生物量影响不显著     

杭州七格污水处理厂紫外线消毒系统的运行分析

对杭州七格污水处理厂三期工程的紫外消毒系统的运行情况进行了系统分析。结果表明:该紫外消毒系统的设计规模为60万t/d;紫外消毒系统的运行效果受进水透光率和进水悬浮物浓度的影响;工程运行期间,依据紫外消毒系统进水水质情况,调整消毒设备运行方案,变化紫外灯管的运行数量,消毒效果较为理想,经过紫外消毒系统后的出水粪大肠菌群数除特殊几天外均能达到设计的出水标准。     

Seasonal changes of understorey herbage yield in relation to light intensity and soil moisture content in a Pinus pinaster plantation

The relationship of understorey herbage yield with light intensity and soil moisture content was investigated in a 20-year-old Pinus pinaster plantation in Kilkis of Macedonia, northern Greece, in three seasons (fall, winter and spring). The plantation was thinned at three density levels, high, medium and low (2500, 1750 and 1000 trees/ha respectively) and it was seeded with Dactylis glomerata. In addition, two fertilization levels (0 and 110 N+150 P₂O₅ kg/ha) and grazing intensity levels (0 and 0.8 sheep/ha/yr) were applied in a split-split plot experimental design. It was found that herbage yield was highest in the ungrazed and fertilized low tree density stands in all seasons. In the medium tree density stand, although light was lacking, fertilized plots produced higher herbage yield as compared to unfertilized low tree density stands while fertilization is of no use in close stands if herbage production is the goal. Animals seemed to prefer fertilized and medium density stands. Third degree polynomial equations were the best to explain herbage variation through the seasons both in fertilized and unfertilized plots.     

半干旱地区八种杨树无性系间苗期净光合速率变化的研究*

辽宁省建平县半干旱地区不同来源的８种杨树无性系净光合速率（Ｐｎ）达到了显著和极显著的差异水平，无性系间的净光合速率可分为高中低三个类群，即：昭林场６号、群众杨、赤峰杨３４号、欧症状杨４７、小黑肠、小青杨、帝国杨５１号、欧美杨６４。具高光合速率的昭林场６号，受光量作用大，但受湿度、空气蒸汽压影响小，适应于具有干热天气的半干旱地区；而低光合类群的三个无性系则不同，其中欧美杨６４一直与光、湿度和蒸汽压的     

基于CASA模型的瓦屋山林场植被净初级生产力估算

在地理信息系统和遥感技术支持下,利用改进的CASA模型,并结合Landsat TM遥感影像、气象数据和林班数据,估算出瓦屋山林场2008—2009年的植被净初级生产力(PNPP),并通过实测植被生物量和生产力的关系,验证CASA模型在研究地区估算结果。结果表明:CASA模型估测植被PNPP与实测结果有较好的一致性,能够适用于瓦屋山林场植被净生产力估算;CASA模型估算结果主要植被类型年均PNPP区别明显,从高到低依次是:中国山杨、麻栎、板栗、马尾松、湿地松、灌木、杉木和池杉;瓦屋山林场植被PNPP季节变化显著,夏季贡献率最大,其次是春季和秋季,冬季最少,主要由于不同季节环境因素不同,其中又以太阳辐射最为重要。     

分区交替水分胁迫对草乌光合特性的影响

应用田间根系分区供水方法,研究根系分区交替水分胁迫(APRD)、固定单侧水分胁迫(FPRD)与对照两侧同时供水(BPRI)对2年生草乌光合特性的影响。结果表明:1)各水分条件下,叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)随着周期的进行逐渐减小,后期随着处理水分亏缺的加重,峰值减小,峰出现时间前移;2)APRD处理下,草乌通过维持相对较低的气孔导度(Gs),在Tr降低30%的前提下,Pn比对照BPRI与FPRD处理分别提高4.16%,37.43%,反映出APRD处理对气孔的优化调节;3)各水分条件下,草乌的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化均呈双峰曲线,APRD处理可显著提高草乌的WUE,分别比对照BPRI和FPRD处理提高20.39%和10.53%,对草乌在干旱地区栽培意义重大;4)各水分条件下草乌的光合-光响应曲线变化趋势基本一致,表观量子效率(AQY)差异不显著,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)协同变化表明APRD处理在一定程度上增强了草乌对光环境的适应能力;最大净光合速率(Pmax)表现为APRD处理下最高,FPRD处理略低于对照BPRI;APRD处理下,草乌叶片暗呼吸速率(Rd)最低,有利于干物质积累。根系分区交替水分胁迫通过供水调控挖掘了草乌本身的生物学节水潜力。     

Survival and growth of upland oak and co-occurring competitor seedlings following single and repeated prescribed fires

Studies within and outside the U.S. indicate recurring oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration problems. In deciduous forests of the eastern U.S., a prevailing explanation for this trend is fire suppression leading to high competitor abundance and low understory light. In response, prescribed fire is increasingly used as a management tool to remedy these conditions and encourage future oak establishment and growth. Within eastern Kentucky, we implemented single and repeated (3×) prescribed fires over a 6-yr period (2002–2007). Pre- and post-burn, we quantified canopy cover and oak seedling survival and growth compared to other woody seedlings deemed potential competitors, primarily red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees.). Burning temporarily decreased canopy cover 3–10%, but cover rebounded the subsequent growing season. Repeated burning ultimately produced canopy cover about 6% lower than sites unburned and burned once, suggesting a cumulative effect on understory light. Red maple exhibited low survival (∼40%) following single and repeated burns, but growth remained similar to unburned seedlings. Burning had little impact on sassafras survival and led to total height and basal diameters 2× greater than unburned seedlings. A single burn had no impact on red oak (Erythrobalanus spp.) survival and increased height and basal diameters 25–30%, but this positive growth response was driven by seedlings on several plots which experienced high burn temperatures and consequently high overstory mortality. White oaks (Leucobalanus spp.), however, exhibited twice as high mortality compared to those unburned, with no change in growth parameters. Repeated burning negatively impacted survival and growth of both oak groups compared to unburned seedlings. With both burn regimes, oaks with smaller pre-burn basal diameters exhibited the lowest post-burn survival. Thus, despite the ability of prescribed burns to temporarily increase understory light and reduce red maple survival, neither single or repeated burns placed oaks in an improved competitive position. These findings result from a combination of highly variable yet interdependent factors including the (1) life history traits of oaks compared to their co-occurring competitors, (2) pre-burn stature of pre-existing oak seedlings, and (3) variability in fire temperature and effects on understory light.     

Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica

In areas where traditional multistrata coffee systems have been transformed to systems with patchy or no shade at all, often dependent on high chemical inputs, ecological and socioeconomic degradation has become an increasing issue. During the 1990s, rising environmental and health concerns have promoted the interest in organic production systems and their environmental services for natural resource conservation. This study compared productivity, profitability, producer-defined constraints, and goals and research priorities between ten individually paired organic and conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. Although five of the organic farms matched or exceeded the production of their conventional counterparts, the three-year mean yield of the organic farms as a group was 22% lower than that of the conventional farms. However, excluding organic certification costs, mean variable costs and net income (NI) were similar for both groups, mainly because organic price premiums received by the farmers compensated for lower yields. If current organic certification costs are included, the price premiums paid to organic producers would have to increase to 38% in order to equal the NI from conventional coffee. Conventional farmers indentified low and unstable prices as the main constraints to sustained production and stated further intensification of production as their main goal. In contrast, the key issues for future development of the organic group centered on farm diversification, agroecological self-sufficiency, and agronomic practices that permit organic farm management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.