外源铅在土壤中的年际变化及对土壤有机碳矿化和速效养分的影响

以关中土为供试土样进行田间试验,向耕层土壤中添加不同浓度外源铅(Pb0:背景值,CK;Pb1:175 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值;Pb2:350 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值),进行小麦—玉米轮作试验。分别于2011—2013年小麦收获季采集耕层(0~20 cm)土壤,分析土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量的年际变化,以及铅对小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,三年中,施铅处理下土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量分别下降13.22%和30.65%,总体呈现逐年下降趋势。与对照(CK)相比,Pb1、Pb2处理下SOC平均含量分别下降了16.30%和11.86%;DOC平均含量分别下降了4.05%和7.34%,与土壤铅含量呈现显著负相关关系;低浓度铅污染下土壤微生物商(q M)显著高于对照土壤,微生物量碳含量变化不显著。此外,土壤速效养分的分析显示,土壤碱解氮含量在外源铅加入初期下降明显,且在Pb1处理下碱解氮减少量最大;土壤速效磷含量随土壤铅含量增加而呈现下降趋势;土壤速效钾含量则随土壤铅含量的增加而增加。试验表明,外源铅的加入影响了土壤有机碳的稳定性,对土壤碳、氮循环产生了一定的影响;能够与土壤溶液中的磷酸根生成难溶性盐,与土壤胶体或土壤矿物晶格中的K+发生置换,加大土壤速效养分的流失风险。     

Effects of compost amended lead–arsenate contaminated soils on total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a staple crop for over 50% of the world's population, is also a source of dietary arsenic (As) because of it's efficiencyat accumulating As. Lead–arsenate pesticide was used in agriculture, these soils potentially may be used for rice production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compost on total and inorganic As concentrations in rice grown on lead–arsenate contaminated soils. Three lead–arsenatesoils were amended with 10% by weight of compost and planted with rice under flooded and non-flooded conditions. Rice grain yieldwas higher with compost but not flooding. Flooding significantly increased total and inorganic As concentrations. In most cases, rice inorganic Asconcentrations were higher than the limit set by Chinaat 0.2 mg kg^?1. Compost at therate used did not reduce rice grain As to safe levels.Lead–arsenate contaminated soils are not recommended for rice production.     

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) as possible indicator of wartime metal and metalloid contamination in eastern Croatia (ICP-MS method)

Biomonitoring of the local population and environmental monitoring in eastern Croatia have revealed abnormalities in metal and metalloid distribution that could be related to war activities during the 1990s. The goal of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the concentrations of metals and metalloids by comparing locations of high and low-intensity combat activity; we also evaluated a possible connection between metal contamination in soil and in humans. We sampled 14 locations and measured the concentrations of 20 war related metals and metalloids (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, U, V and Zn). The results of principal components analysis showed two main clusters: locations Dopsin and Dalj (both characterized by high-intensity combat activity), where the concentrations of most elements (except Hg) were increased. Although the concentrations of metals and metalloids in cabbage samples collected in eastern Croatia did not exceed the maximum allowed values, the results of our study confirmed existance of environmental ‘hotspot’ with higher concentrations of war metals and metalloids. Our findings indicate that there is a possible common source and mechanism of transferring metals from the environment to the population.     

电极液pH值控制对土壤Cd和Pb动电过程的影响

研究了控制阴阳极液pH值对Cd和Pb在土壤中动电过程的影响。结果表明,控制阴阳极液pH值明显改变了动电过程中的电流密度、电渗流量、土壤层pH值和Cd与Pb在土壤层的分配;显著增加了总Cd和Pb及其有效态的去除率,总Cd和Pb平均去除率分别为87%和51%,有效态Cd和Pb的平均去除率分别为97%和73%;与单元素Cd或Pb的动电效果对比,Cd的去除率上升,Pb的去除率下降。     

Pb 胁迫对圆叶无心菜(Arenaria rotumdifolia Bieberstein)生长和生理特征的影响

通过室内水培圆叶无心菜幼苗,研究不同浓度Pb对圆叶无心菜生长、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,随着Pb处理浓度的增加,植物生长受到抑制,叶绿素含量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性均呈上升的变化趋势。铅浓度为50 mg.L-1时,圆叶无心菜株高、根长以及生物量和叶绿素含量均比对照含量有所增加;铅浓度大于100 mg.L-1时,植株株高和根长的生长受到抑制,地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重均减少,叶绿素含量降低,丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性都显著增加。     

Influence of Montmoriilonite Nanocomposite on Tissue Levels of Lead and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Pigs Exposed to Lead1

ABSTRACT： Eighteen （Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire） castrated boars, 55 days of age and weig- hing approximately 19 kg, were used to investigate the effects of montmorillonite nanocomposite on tissue levels of lead as well as changes in blood biochemical parameters in pigs fed lead contaminated diets. The barrows were randomly assigned to one of three treat- ments （n = 6） including a control which were fed a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal. The re- maining two groups were fed the basal diet supple- mented with 10 mg/kg lead either with or without 0.5% montmorillonite nanocomposite for 50 days. Pigs treated with lead had significantly increased lev- els of lead in their tissues. Lead accumulated in all tis- sues of the body with the highest accumulation found in the hair. When montmorillonite nanocomposite was given along with lead, tissue concentrations of lead did not differ from the control. Fecal excretion of leadincreased significantly in lead-exposed pigs treated with montmorillonite nanocomposite. A progressive and appreciable accumulation of lead was seen in blood with a concomitant increase in zinc protopor- phyrin levels during the course of treatment. Howev- er, zinc protoporphyrin levels did not differ from the control when montmorillonite nanocomposite was ad- ministered along with lead. The activity of ~-amino le- vulinic acid dehydratase in blood was significantly in- creased in lead treated pigs compared with the con- trol. However, in pigs treated with lead and montmo- riltonite nanocomposite in combination, the activity of δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase was similar to con- trol pigs. Our results indicate that montmorillonite nanocomposite treatment of pigs exposed to lead re- suited in reduced lead concentrations in body tissues. It appears that montmorillonite nanocomposite func- tions by increasing fecal excretion of lead.     

醋酸铅对小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡基因p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

将40只未成年雌性昆明系小鼠随机分成3个处理组和1个对照组,每组10只。处理组小鼠分别连续2 d腹腔注射铅10、20、40 mg/kg（按体质量给药）,对照组小鼠注射等体积的生理盐水。于注射后24、72 h分离卵巢,用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）测定卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡率,同时用半定量RT-PCR方法检测凋亡基因p53、Bax、Bcl-2mRNA表达。结果表明,铅可促进颗粒细胞凋亡,且随剂量的增加和作用时间的延长,颗粒细胞中p53、Bax基因表达量逐渐增加,与对照组相比差异显著或极显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;而Bcl-2基因表达量则逐渐减少（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;表明铅可通过上调促细胞凋亡基因p53、Bax基因表达量,下调Bcl-2基因表达量,诱导卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡。     

蕹菜对土壤环境激素Pb、Cd的吸收效应及相关性分析

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蕹菜对土壤中重金属类环境激素Pb、Cd的吸收效应,并进行相关性分析,为开展蔬菜重金属污染治理、发展绿色食品和无公害蔬菜提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤中Pb（≤2000 mg/kg）、Cd（≤10.0 mg/kg）对蕹菜株高的抑制作用均不明显,但在最高浓度处理下（Pb 4000 mg/kg,Cd 50.0 mg/kg）,蕹菜株高与空白对照差异显著;土壤中Pb、Cd导致蕹菜地上部减产的最大降幅分别为76.3%和65.8%;随着Pb、Cd投放浓度的增加,蕹菜植株各部位的Pb、Cd含量均呈递增趋势,但地上部对Pb的积累比对Cd的积累弱;蕹菜中Pb、Cd积累量与土壤中Pb、Cd含量相关性显著。     

矿区重金属污染土壤中铅镉抗性细菌的筛选及其活化作用研究

从广西大新铅锌矿区重金属污染土壤中分离筛选出生长良好、产酸能力强的镉抗性菌株K1和铅抗性菌株K2,经革兰氏染色呈阴性,杆状菌体。菌株K1和K2的最适生长温度均为28℃,最适pH值为7和8。将菌株K1和K2分别接种到添加不溶性镉、铅的液体培养基（28℃培养48h）和含有固定态镉、铅的土壤（28℃培养5d）中,结果液体培养基中接菌处理比不接菌对照有效态镉、铅含量分别增加844．62％和370．48％,pH值分别降低2．95和2．07;土壤中接菌处理比不接菌对照有效态镉、铅含量分别增加42．42％、19。23％。说明两菌株具有较强的重金属镉、铅活化能力,可作为试验材料应用于抗性菌株强化植物富集重金属镉、铅研究中。     

Cd、Pb污染对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量的影响

本文采用了砂基培养方法研究了镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）及其复合污染对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量的影响。结果表明：低浓度的Cd2+（≤5 mg/kg）、Pb2+（≤5 mg/kg）单一处理及Cd2+、Pb2+（1 mg/kg+5 mg/kg）复合处理对油菜种子发芽率、发芽势等有一定的促进作用;随着处理浓度的提高,Pb2+单一及复合处理对活力指数、苗长及植株鲜重具有抑制作用,并且随着处理浓度的增加其抑制作用逐渐上升。复合处理对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生物量的毒性最大,其次是Cd2+单一处理,最小的是Pb2+单一处理。