脂多糖对细菌生物被膜形成及厚壳贻贝幼虫变态的影响

为探究脂多糖（LPS）对海洋细菌生物被膜形成、海洋贝类幼虫变态所产生的作用,深入了解影响厚壳贻贝附着变态的因素,本实验使用不同浓度的LPS直接刺激厚壳贻贝幼虫,观察其对幼虫附着变态的直接作用;同时在海假交替单胞菌形成生物被膜的过程中添加不同浓度的LPS,分析生物被膜生物学特性的变化,及变化后的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态的影响。结果显示,3种浓度的LPS均可直接诱导厚壳贻贝幼虫的变态;10.0mg/L浓度LPS处理后的生物被膜其细菌密度、膜厚度明显降低,且膜厚度降低了12.1%,胞外产物中多糖、脂类显著增加,其中代表性多糖可拉酸的含量增加了35.4%,同时其对幼虫变态的诱导作用也提高了53.3%。因而,在厚壳贻贝幼虫的附着变态过程中,LPS具有直接诱导作用,同时还可以通过调控生物被膜胞外物质,特别是可拉酸的生成,间接影响厚壳贻贝幼虫的附着变态。本研究成果对海洋细菌互作关系研究、厚壳贻贝养殖产业的改善以及海洋防污技术研发具有重要推动价值。     

不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型蚤对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹发育和变态的影响

2003年5月20日至6月22日,研究了不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型潘对中华绒螯蟹发育和变态的影响。采用纯酵母（酵母组）、酵母添加10％豆油（豆油组）和酵母添加10％鱼油（鱼油组）三组饲料培养的大型潘作为大眼幼体发育到仔蟹Ⅳ期的生长和蜕壳的饵料。实验期间水温为室温,温度为20～24℃。结果表明,鱼油组培养的大型潘能显著地加速仔蟹发育阶段变态时间（缩短蜕皮周期）,促进生长。其次为豆油组。酵母组最差。其加速变态的效果在仔蟹I期发育变态到Ⅱ期就显著表现出来。此外,鱼油组,豆油组与酵母组相比,相应仔蟹期的规格较大。脂肪酸组成分析显示,仔蟹脂肪酸的组成在一定程度上,反映了其摄食不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型滔的脂肪酸组成。鱼油组的仔蟹具有相对高的EPA,DHA和HUFA的百分组成,而豆油组培育的仔蟹由于大型潘中含有较高含量的C18：2,而致使仔蟹的C18：2具有最高含量。实验证实,饵料中高HUFA的含量,能显著促进仔蟹的生长和变态。PUFA,特别是C18：2对仔蟹变态和成活也有一定的促进作用。     

Larval fish assemblages along the south-eastern Australian shelf: linking mesoscale non-depth-discriminate structure and water masses

We present findings of the first mesoscale study linking larval fish assemblages and water masses along shelf waters off south-eastern Australia (southern Queensland-New South Wales), based on vertical, non-depth discriminate data from surveys in October 2002 and 2003 (spring) and July 2004 (winter). Clustering and ordination were employed to discriminate between larval assemblages and, for the first time, to define water masses from water column temperature frequencies. Surveys yielded 18 128 larval fishes comprising 143 taxa from 96 identifiable families, with small pelagics accounting for 53% of the total. Three major recurrent larval assemblages were identified during the study, each of which matched one of three water masses, namely East Australian Current to the north (EAC; 20.5–23.4°C), Tasman Sea to the south (TAS; 14.8–17.5°C), and mixed EAC–TAS water in between (MIX; 18.3–19.9°C). All three assemblages were present in spring, whereas only EAC and MIX occurred in the more northerly constrained winter survey. Furthermore, boundaries between the EAC, MIX and TAS assemblages were found to be dynamic, with locations shifting temporally and spatially depending on EAC extent. Assemblage composition differed significantly between water masses across surveys, with EAC–TAS being most dissimilar. Such contrast was due to the presence of tropical/temperate taxa in EAC, primarily temperate-associated taxa in TAS, and a combination of EAC–TAS taxa within MIX consistent with the convergence of both waters. Results highlight the strength of employing larval assemblages as indicators of water masses, particularly in view of the potential effect of climate change on spawning habitats of shelf fishes.     

开口微囊饵料在河蟹育苗生产上的应用

为寻找卤虫卵的合适代用饵料,降低河蟹育苗成本,在１９９７年春季各期河蟹育苗中,进行投喂“高成”牌开口微囊配合饵料试验。结果;试验池幼体胃肠饱满度好,蜕壳时间短,变态整齐,成活率与对照组判别不五,而成本仅为对照池的４５％,经济效益显著,且不会对以后幼体发育造成不良影响。     

Improved protocol for rapid zebrafish growth without reducing reproductive performance

Despite widespread use of zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton) as a model organism for finfish aquaculture, genetics and molecular biology, husbandry methods and nutrition have not been standardised. We characterise a protocol for rearing zebrafish using a recently developed combination of environmental parameters that yield rapid growth rates: high densities of live food organisms (marine rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii), low salinity, continuous light and algal turbidity during larval and early juvenile stages (5–21 days post fertilisation, dpf) followed by a transition to conventional rearing methods (dark/light photoperiod, freshwater). We assessed a range of larval fish densities in a stagnant water system with continuous ad libitum feeding until 21 dpf and periodic water changes. Fish stocking densities of 12–22 fish/L gave maximum growth rate and growth rate declined as stocking density increased past this threshold. Survival rates during 5–21 and 21–42 dpf were 87 ± 9 and 98 ± 3% respectively. Mean ± SD weight and length were 64 ± 9 mg and 19.4 ± 1.0 mm at 21 dpf and 245 ± 28 mg and 30.4 ± 1.5 mm at 42 dpf. Fertility was assessed at 66 ± 3 dpf. Mean clutch size was 232 ± 124 oocytes/female and fertilisation rate was 72 ± 16%. This protocol will significantly increase productivity in zebrafish facilities.     

Assessing connectivity patterns among management units of the Newfoundland and Labrador shrimp population

The Eastern Canadian northern shrimp population, representing one of the most important fisheries in the region, decreased dramatically since the mid‐2000s to a historical low in 2017, but changes were not spatially uniform. Applying a biophysical model within Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) management areas, we investigated connectivity processes during the long pelagic larval phase (2–3 months) of Pandalus borealis and key drivers of larval dispersal in different environmental conditions. We selected 3 years representative of contrasting North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases to assess potential larval dispersal patterns of the northern shrimp population in NL, and hierarchically assessed the impact of the timing of release (yearly and daily), release location, and vertical migration behaviour on shrimp larval dispersal. Overall, we found that populations located on the northern Newfoundland and Labrador shelf supplied potential settlers to southern populations because of the dominant Labrador Current. Ocean circulation and current velocities during the NAO positive year differed from other years, generating contrasting settlement spatial patterns. Larval release location and vertical migration behaviour were the two most important influences on the strength of larval supply and settlement patterns. Inclusion of diel and ontogenic swimming behaviour increased settlement success of larvae released from inshore areas, regardless of study years. Our study improves understanding of northern shrimp stock‐recruitment relationships, their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions, and spatially non‐homogeneous population decline for bentho‐pelagic species with a long larval phase, which could potentially help improve management strategies.     

黑龙江三角鲂的胚胎和早期仔鱼发育观察

以产自黑龙江的三角鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）为研究对象,对其胚胎和早期仔鱼发育的形态特征和时间进行观察和描述。将受精卵去膜,在Holtfreter氏液中培育,着重观察去膜卵在原肠胚及后期发育的形态特征。在水温（23.5±1.0）℃条件下,黑龙江三角鲂胚胎从受精到出膜历时30 h 10 min,历经7个主要发育阶段（分为卵裂前期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期、出膜期）,25个发育时期。初孵仔鱼体长为（4.33±0.16）mm,在（25.5±1.0）℃条件下,经144 h,卵黄囊被完全吸收,此时全长为（7.73±0.20）mm。早期仔鱼可根据眼色素沉积、体色素沉积、鳔和卵黄囊的变化分为眼色素增多期、体色素增多期、鳔出现期、鳔充气期和卵黄囊完全吸收期5个时期。黑龙江三角鲂在鳔充气膨大（出膜后96 h）前无摄食行为。在出膜后96~144 h为混合营养期,此时适宜将仔鱼转入池塘进行夏花培育。本研究旨为黑龙江三角鲂的资源保护和苗种培育提供科学依据。     

Multiple spawning events promote increased larval dispersal of a predatory fish in a western boundary current

Transport of larvae by ocean currents is an important dispersal mechanism for many species. The timing and location of spawning can have a large influence on settlement location. Shifts in the known spawning habitat of fish, whether due to climate or the discovery of new spawning stock, can influence the distribution of juveniles and our understanding of connectivity. The globally distributed species; Pomatomus saltatrix, is one such example where a previously unrecognised summer spawning event and a more southern latitudinal extent was recently reported for the southwest Pacific population. Although restrictions are in place to protect the traditional spawning event, the importance of the newly recognised summer spawning event is uncertain. Here, we investigate larval dispersal of P. saltatrix using particle tracking simulations to identify the contributions of the different spawning events to settlement. By modelling dispersal of larvae released in northern and mid‐latitude regions over the Austral spring and summer, we show that the newly recognised mid‐latitude summer spawning event contributes over 50% of the larvae reaching southern latitudes. This is due to a reduced (1–2 days) pelagic larval duration (associated with temperature), resulting in reduced larval mortality, and the seasonal (summer) strengthening of the East Australian Current (EAC) transporting particles ~50 km further south. These findings demonstrate that in dynamic boundary current systems such as the EAC, the final settlement location of larvae that are transported by ocean currents can vary considerably depending on the timing and location of spawning and that multiple spawning events are important for maximum dispersal.     

The use of diatom Skeletonema costatum on aquaculture‐produced purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae and post‐larvae diet

The quality of the microalgae provided on Paracentrotus lividus larvae rearing is a primordial factor having a direct (nutritional properties) and indirect (water quality) impact on growth, competence and survival. Skeletonema costatum is a diatom commonly used in the bivalve cultivation. However, the use of this diatom in P. lividus larval cultivations is poorly known. The Rhodomonas spp. is a microalgae commonly used in sea urchin larvae culture. Three different diets were tested on P. lividus larvae and post‐larvae cultivation (D1—Rhodomonas marina, D2—S. costatum, D3—mixture of both algae). Larvae fed with the D2 diet (55.8%) and D3 (39.9%) had a survival at 15 DAH higher than D1 (5.5%). The low survival in D1 could be due to the higher microbiological load on microalgae (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. pectenicide). Larvae fed with S. costatum (D2) showed a lower development than other diets. The competency index was lower for larvae fed with the D2. These results show that microalgae diversified diets contribute to a better development of P. lividus larvae. During the settlement and post‐settlement phase, there was also a lower growth of the sea urchin fed with the D2 and a higher survival for D3.     

Effects of Cu,Zn and Cd on larval development and respiratory metabolism of pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Trochophore and veliger are vulnerable pelagic larvae and susceptible to environmental toxicants, which are extremely crucial for the population renewal. Cu, Zn and Cd pollution are common elements in metal pollution in coastal areas. Though Pacific abalone is the main economic mollusc in China, its larval response to metals remains unclear. To understand this, the effect of Cu, Zn and Cd toxicity on malformation classification and respiratory metabolism of trochophore and veliger are analysed and measured in this paper. The 48 hr EC₅₀ for abalone trochophore was (18.9 ± 1.0) μg/L for Cu, (65.1 ± 0.3) μg/L for Zn and (1,377.8 ± 68.9) μg/L for Cd respectively. The LC₅₀ of veliger was (45.8 ± 0.9) μg/L for Cu, (50.0 ± 0.9) μg/L for Zn and (1,049.3 ± 37.6) μg/L for Cd respectively. Trochophore died with no shell at 128 μg/L Cu, yet remained alive with multiple broken‐shell bodies at 128 μg/L Zn and failed to form well‐developed shells at 20,480 μg/L Cd. All veliger died with complete shells at the mentioned concentrations. A self‐made device was used to study the effect on respiratory metabolism. The respiratory metabolism level was significantly fluctuating under Cu and Zn exposure and declined under Cd. The results indicated a decreasing order of the metal toxicity to trochophore and veliger as follows: Cu > Zn ? Cd. Cu and Zn were the main causes of shell abnormality, and Cd was less toxic. Moreover, the affected respiratory has a negative impact on further larval development.