Variation in the distribution of ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits: links with coastal upwelling and climate change

In this analysis, an atypical northward shift in the distribution of age‐1 ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–2004 was linked to anomolously strong coastal upwelling winds off southern Oregon (42°N latitude) in April–July of the year of larval release (t?1). This is the first clear evidence that strong upwelling winds can depress local recruitment of ocean shrimp. Regression analysis confirmed a long‐term negative correlation between log_e of ocean shrimp recruitment and April sea level height (SLH) at Crescent City, California, in the year of larval release, for both northern and southern Oregon waters. The regional pattern of ocean shrimp catches and seasonal upwelling winds showed that, although the timing of the spring transition as reflected in April SLH drives ocean shrimp recruitment success off Oregon generally, the strength and consistency of spring upwelling limits the distribution of large concentrations of ocean shrimp at the southern end of the northern California/Oregon/Washington area. A northward shift in 1999 and 2001–03 in the northern edge of this ‘zone of maximum upwelling’ is the likely cause of the weak southern Oregon recruitment and resulting atypical distribution of ocean shrimp observed off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–04, with a return to a more typical catch distribution as spring upwelling moderated in subsequent years. It is noted that a northward shift in the conditions that produce strong and steady spring upwelling winds is consistent with many predictions of global climate models under conditions of global warming.     

背瘤丽蚌钩介幼虫寄生变态发育和有效积温的研究

选用黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)作为寄主鱼,研究了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的过程、生物学零度和有效积温等重要生物学特征。结果显示,背瘤丽蚌钩介幼虫在黄颡鱼的鳃丝、鳍条或须上均能完成变态发育。在水温(25±1)℃时,寄生期为8 d。钩介幼虫腹缘先与寄主鱼体表组织接触,寄生后5 h,大部分被鱼体组织包裹;第2天,内幼虫足丝消失,钩介幼虫全部被包在包囊中;随着钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的进行,其壳颜色逐渐加深;第7天,变成黑色不透明,并有少量钩介幼虫变态为稚蚌;第8天,稚蚌脱落达到高峰期;第9天,稚蚌全部脱落。在寄生阶段,钩介幼虫壳长、壳高和铰合部长未发生显著变化。钩介幼虫寄生变态发育的生物学零度为12.8℃,有效积温为100.2℃.d。     

西江肇庆江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究

2006年5～7月对西江肇庆江段鱼苗的时空分布进行了研究,结果表明:5月17日及6月1日前后该江段有苗汛发生,鱼苗密度平均值为0.83尾/m3,最大值为7.9尾/m3;鱼苗密度昼夜分布有显著性差异(n=26,P<0.01),夜间的密度比白天的高;鱼苗的种类在昼夜分布上也有明显差异,四大家鱼鱼苗的分布主要集中于夜间;鱼苗的分布具空间差异性,近岸的鱼苗密度高于江中央的。     

Distribution of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) larvae and juveniles in the East China Sea, with special reference to the larval transport by the Kuroshio Current

Horizontal distribution patterns of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) larvae and juveniles were investigated in the East China Sea between 4 February and 30 April 2001. A total of 1549 larvae and juveniles were collected by bongo and neuston nets at 357 stations. The larvae were concentrated in the frontal area between the Kuroshio Current and shelf waters in the upstream region of the Kuroshio. The abundance of small larvae (<3 mm notochord length) was highest in the southern East China Sea (SECS) south of 28°N, suggesting that the principal spawning ground is formed in the SECS from late winter to spring. Jack mackerel also spawned in the northern and central East China Sea (NECS and CECS, respectively), as some small larvae were also collected in these areas. In the SECS, the abundance of small larvae was highest in February and gradually decreased from March to April. The habitat temperature of small larvae in the SECS and CECS (20–26°C) was higher than that in the NECS (15–21°C), suggesting higher growth rates in the SECS and CECS than in the NECS. The juveniles (10‐ to 30‐mm standard length) became abundant in the NECS off the west coast of Kyushu Island and CECS in April and were collected in association with scyphozoans typical of the Kuroshio waters. However, juveniles were rarely collected in the SECS, where the small larvae were concentrated. Considering the current systems in the study area, a large number of the eggs and larvae spawned and hatched in the SECS would be transported northeastward by the Kuroshio and its branches into the jack mackerels’ nursery grounds, such as the shallow waters off the west coast of Kyushu and the Pacific coast of southern Japan.     

虎斑乌贼喷墨卵与正常卵的比较

为了探明虎斑乌贼喷墨卵对孵化及胚胎发育的影响,采用单因子实验研究了喷墨卵与正常卵的孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期、初孵幼体体质量,并比较了剥膜喷墨卵、剥膜正常卵、喷墨卵、正常卵4种类型卵的幼体生长和存活率。结果显示,虎斑乌贼喷墨卵和正常卵的孵化率无显著差异,喷墨卵的孵化率为90.1%±1.5%,正常卵的孵化率为87.9%±0.7%;两种卵的初孵幼体体质量也无显著差异,喷墨卵的初孵幼体体质量为(0.18±0.01)g,正常卵的初孵幼体体质量为(0.17±0.01)g;两种卵的培育周期、孵化周期均无显著差异,喷墨卵的培育周期为(34.67±0.89)d,孵化周期为(14.33±0.44)d,而正常卵的培育周期为(35.33±0.44)d,孵化周期为(14.67±0.67)d。而剥膜喷墨卵、剥膜正常卵、喷墨卵、正常卵4种类型卵的幼体存活率差异显著,剥膜喷墨卵和剥膜正常卵的存活率明显小于喷墨卵和正常卵,而剥膜喷墨卵和剥膜正常卵之间、喷墨卵和正常卵之间的存活率无显著差异;4种类型的幼体日均增长量和增重量差异显著,剥膜喷墨卵和剥膜正常卵的幼体日均增长量和增重量明显小于喷墨卵和正常卵,而剥膜喷墨卵和剥膜正常卵之间、喷墨卵和正常卵之间的幼体日均增长量和增重量无显著差异。     

Importance of dietary arachidonic acid for the growth,survival and stress resistance of larval European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed high dietary docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids

Together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA) is being considered to be an essential fatty acid in marine fish larval diets. The objective of the present study was to determine the importance of dietary ARA levels for larval European sea bass performance, when EPA and DHA are also present in the diet. Eighteen‐day‐old larvae were fed, for 14 days, gelatine‐based microdiets containing the following ARA levels: 0.3%, 0.6% or 1.2%. Elevation of dietary ARA up to 1.2% showed a positive correlation with larval survival and a significant improvement in the specific growth rates, body weight and total length. Arachidonic acid was efficiently incorporated into larval lipids, even at a higher proportion than that in the diets. Increased accumulation of ARA did not affect the incorporation of DHA or EPA from the diet into larval total lipids. A significant positive correlation was found between dietary ARA levels and survival after handling stress, indicating the importance of this fatty acid in sea bass larvae response to acute stressors. The results show the importance of ARA for sea bass larvae, but higher dietary levels should be tested to determine whether there is a negative effect of ARA in sea bass as reported for other species.     

雅砻江硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎及仔鱼发育研究

研究硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus)早期生活史阶段的发育规律,为松潘裸鲤的亚种分化研究、规模化人工繁殖和苗种培育提供理论依据。松潘裸鲤亲鱼采自雅砻江支流安宁河流域。雌鱼6~13龄,全长12.1~24.2cm,体重16.1~115.8g;雄鱼3~9龄,全长8.2~14.5cm,体重5.2~23.8g。结果显示,硬刺松潘裸鲤受精卵呈圆形,黄色,卵径(2.82±0.10)mm;水温(16±1)℃下,硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎发育历时183h45min,胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和出膜共8个阶段、31个时期;出膜仔鱼全长(7.82±0.19)mm;出膜10d后,仔鱼的鳃、口、胸鳍、尾鳍、鳔、肠道等功能器官先后形成;出膜13d后卵黄囊消失,全长(14.33±0.51)mm;出膜40d后各鳍基本长成,体型和体色接近成鱼,进入幼鱼阶段。硬刺松潘裸鲤为地区重要的小型经济鱼类,主要分布在雅砻江中游各大干支流中,在形态和生态上形成一系列的适应性,早期发育过程与其栖息的环境同样具有一定的适应性。     

土池低盐度水体河蟹生态育苗试验

2003年3~5月,在上海崇明进行了河蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)在低盐度水体的土池中育苗实验,主要技术措施包括亲本的强化培育、施肥养水、敌害生物的控制和利用、活饵料的科学使用和水质调控等。结果表明:(1)亲本强化培育可以提高其生殖性能;(2)土池育苗中各期幼体的变态时间长于工厂化育苗,因而总的出苗时间比工厂化育苗长5~7d;(3)通过综合管理措施,在低盐度(9~12)条件下河蟹土池生态育苗单产和出苗率分别为(60·18±30·17)kg/hm2和(3·12±1·55)%,总的出苗时间为(25·2±1·9)d。     

Larval rearing of African carp,Labeo parvus Boulenger, 1902 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), using live food and artificial diet under controlled conditions

This study aimed at (1) evaluating the efficacy of live food organisms (Artemia and natural zooplankton) and an artificial diet in the larval rearing of African carp Labeo parvus and (2) determining appropriate rearing conditions. After yolk sac resorption, the larvae were separated into five different feeding trials with two replicates. At the end of the larval rearing period (28 days post‐hatching), the highest (94.6%) and the lowest (53.7%) cumulative survival rates were found when larvae were fed with natural zooplankton for 7 days followed by Nippai food for 21 days, and when larvae were fed from the beginning of exogenous feeding with Nippai food only respectively. The significant highest body weight (351.6 mg), total length (34.4 mm) and specific growth rates (15.5%day^?1) were recorded when the larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii for 14 days followed by Nippai food for 14 days. The lowest growth performance (body weight and specific growth rates) were obtained when larvae were fed exclusively Nippai food. These results indicate that L. parvus can be successfully cultured in indoor nursery systems from hatching to the early juvenile stage.     

Effects of a peroxide-based commercial product on bacterial load of larval rearing water and on larval survival of two species of Sparidae under intensive culture: preliminary study

Larvae of two Mediterranean Sparidae species, Sparus aurata and Dentex dentex , were used to test the efficacy of a peroxide-based product (Ox-Aquaculture^©) on the reduction in bacterial load in larval rearing water and its effects on larval survival. Eleven-day-old S. aurata larvae and 15-day-old D. dentex larvae were exposed to different concentrations of Ox-Aquaculture^© (50, 100 and 200 mg L⁻¹, and 20 and 50 mg L⁻¹ respectively) for 1 h. Results indicated that 50 and 20 mg L⁻¹ were the most effective concentrations for the reduction in bacterial load (at least one order of magnitude) after 1 h treatment, without affecting larval survival and/or vitality in 11 dph S. aurata and 15 dph D. dentex larvae respectively. Ox-Aquaculture^© concentrations of 200 and 50 mg L⁻¹ during 1 h affected negatively final survival rate of the larvae of S. aurata and D. dentex respectively.