长江鳃胚胎及仔鱼发育研究

以人工繁殖所得受精卵为材料,采用显微照相技术对长江鳡Elopichthys bambusa胚胎及仔鱼发育过程进行观察,并对不同发育时期的形态特征进行了描述和拍照记录。实验结果显示：长江鳡的受精卵为圆球形,卵径为3．5～4．0mm,吸水膨胀后卵径为12．5～14．5mm,为非黏性漂流性卵;胚胎发育可分为胚盘、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和出膜7个阶段;仔鱼的发育分为卵黄囊期和晚期两个阶段。以长江水为培养用水,水体温度为22—25℃条件下,长江鳡的受精卵历时27h45min孵出仔鱼,其总积温为663℃·h;水体温度为26～29℃条件下,长江鳡仔鱼发育历时30d。     

The Achilles heel for spiny lobsters: the energetics of the non‐feeding post‐larval stage

Spiny lobsters are highly valuable seafood species that are captured and marketed in more than 90 countries. After more than 30 years of stable catches, spiny lobster fisheries in many parts of the world are declining due to decreased recruitment. The planktonic larvae spend up to 2 years in offshore waters, accumulating energy stores to fuel the non‐feeding post‐larva, or puerulus, to actively migrate onshore and settle. The total energy required by spiny lobster pueruli for cross‐shelf migration has not been accurately determined. Recent advances in larval culture have provided the opportunity for the first detailed examination of the swimming performance, respiratory metabolism and nitrogen excretion of spiny lobster (Sagmariasus verreauxi) throughout the puerulus stage. The routine and active metabolic rates of pueruli were lower than for most other decapod larvae, probably to provide greater energy efficiency. However, pueruli were found to have limited time, swimming ability and fuel for active cross‐shelf migration. It is estimated that S. verreauxi pueruli require at least 13.8 mg of stored lipid to provide sufficient energy (18.4% DW) to complete the puerulus stage and recruit to coastal habitats. The ability of the preceding phyllosoma larvae to accumulate these reserves, and the presence of favourable oceanographic conditions during the limited time available to the migrating puerulus, are both crucial to subsequent successful recruitment. Spiny lobster recruitment processes appear to be particularly vulnerable to changes in oceanic climate which is likely to contribute to the recent large‐scale declines in recruitment to valuable fished populations.     

Larval and early juvenile fish dynamics in main channel and backwater lake habitats of the Illinois River ecosystem

The spatial and temporal complexity of large river ecosystems likely promotes biological diversity within riverine larval fish assemblages. However, the focus of most previous riverine studies of larval fish distribution has tended to concentrate mainly on backwater habitats. There has been less focus on the value of the main channel for larval fishes. We sampled two habitats types (three main channel sites and three backwater lakes) along 20 km of the Illinois River ecosystem during 2 years to compare the larval fish distribution along both spatial and environmental gradients between these habitats. Across the 2 years of this study, we found similar trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of larval fish, although there were some differences in densities between years. The relative abundance and size of many of the different fish taxa varied among habitats. Centrarchids, clupeids, poeciliids, cyprinids (excluding common carp) and atherinids were more abundant within backwater lake habitat. In contrast, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), sciaenids, moronids and catostomids were more abundant in main channel habitats. Furthermore, sciaenid and clupeid larvae captured in the backwater lake habitat were larger as the season progressed than those captured in the main channel. Our study suggests that larval fish show habitat specialisation, similar to adults, indicating that both the backwater lakes and the main channel are both important for larval fish and preserving the diversity of the fish assemblages in large floodplain rivers.     

Pelagic larval duration of three amphidromous Sicydiinae gobies (Teleostei: Gobioidei) including widespread and endemic species

Sicydiinae species have an amphidromous life cycle during which they undergo a pelagic larval phase allowing them to disperse through the ocean and to recruit in distant island rivers. Hypotheses for the differences observed in dispersal abilities between species include the variation in pelagic larval duration (PLD). However, the implication of the PLD as a proxy for explaining the dispersal ability of a species is not clear in the Sicydiinae subfamily. In this study, otolith microstructure of three Sicydiinae species was analysed. One of these species, Sicyopus zosterophorum, has a widespread distribution in the West Pacific area, whereas the other two species, Smilosicyopus chloe and Akihito vanuatu, are endemic to New Caledonia and to Vanuatu, respectively. Deposition of the daily growth increments on the otoliths of S. zosterophorum was validated using an alizarin complexone time marking technique. We estimated the PLD for the three species by counting the number of growth increments from the core to the metamorphosis check mark, and it was shorter than the one of previous studies on Sicydiinae species. The PLD of the widespread species, S. zosterophorum (54.6 ± 5.6 days), was similar to those of the endemic species, S. chloe (53.6 ± 5.7 days) and A. vanuatu (55.4 ± 7.5 days). Here, we show that in contrast to the most diverse Sicydiinae genus, Sicyopterus, the PLD could not explain endemism, and we must take into account other elements to explain the differences observed in the distribution range.     

牙鲆ras-2基因cDNA全长的克隆和表达分析

Ras主要参与表皮生长因子家族调控细胞分裂的信号通路。本研究采用末端快速扩增法获得了牙鲆ras-2基因全长2384bp cDNA序列,该序列编码187个氨基酸,含有switchⅠ、switchⅡ、P-loop、CAAX box等Ras家族的结构特征,与川鲽ras-2氨基酸序列相似性最高(96.3%)。定量PCR检测显示ras-2基因在牙鲆成体的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、鳃、肠、肌肉、鳍条和皮肤组织均有不同程度的表达,其中鳍条表达量最高,肌肉的表达量最低;在牙鲆变态前和变态初较高,随着变态进行,表达水平显著降低。RNA整体原位杂交结果显示ras-2基因主要在牙鲆变态阶段的鳍条、眼眶周围、颔、鳃、鼻孔、侧线等部位的表皮组织中表达,变态前在鳍条和体侧线表达信号最强,变态阶段E期的信号稍微减弱,主要分布在鳍条和鳃,变态高峰期(F期和G期)信号主要集中在鳍条、鳃和颔,H期表达信号主要集中在鳃和鳍条。ras-2基因表达式型显示,其可以通过调控细胞分裂的方式,参与牙鲆变态过程中眼睛移动、冠状幼鳍发育、侧线发育等多种器官的发育调控。     

诱导皱纹盘鲍浮游幼虫附着和变态的物质

根据鲍育苗中常用的6种底栖硅藻氨基酸的组成分析结果,选择15种人工合成氨基酸作为诱导物质,进行鲍浮游幼虫附着、变态的影响实验,发现天冬氨酸组附着率最高,谷氨酸组次之,但均略低于底栖硅藻组,明显高于对照组。变态率实验,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸组结果基本一致,均略高于底栖硅藻组,明显高于对照组。不同氨基酸浓度对附着、变态的影响实验结果表明:无论是天冬氨酸还是谷氨酸,实验浓度为10-5mol·L-1组的附着率和变态率最高。     

草地贪夜蛾对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险评估

为评估草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险,基于抗性风险分析模型对草地贪夜蛾在3种Bt玉米和2种庇护所条件下的抗性时间进行预测分析。结果显示,无论是采用种子混合庇护所还是结构化庇护所,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性时间均远长于对Vip3Aa-玉米和Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性时间。在Bt与非Bt植株之间存在异花授粉和幼虫转移的条件下,采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间较采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间大大缩短。以采用Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米和比例为0.20的庇护所为例,当异花授粉Bt显性度为0.5、幼虫转移概率为0.95时,采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间超过200代,而采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间只有59代。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性风险远大于对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性风险,而种子混合庇护所条件下的抗性风险远大于结构化庇护所条件下的抗性风险。     

我国海产贝类附着变态的化学诱导研究进展

近二十年来,海产贝类幼体附着和变态的化学诱导研究取得了十分显著的进展,发现了许多天然和人工诱导物质。据统计,部分金属离子(K 、Ca2 、Cr6 、)、肾上腺素(EPI)、L-多巴(L-DOPA)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)及某些氨基酸与脂肪酸等都已用于约20种贝类附着变态的研究中,成果显著。现在对海产贝类的研究已深入到分子生物学水平,并已成功地用于生产中。     

鄱阳湖日本沼虾幼体发育及其同工酶研究

对鄱阳湖日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponensis)幼体发育的5个阶段即Z0、Z1、Z3、Z5～Z6及Z9～Z11期进行观察,分析乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶谱带变化。结果表明,各期间幼体形态均有明显变化,幼体蜕皮次数随发育快慢不同,发育快的需9次蜕皮完成变态发育过程,慢的则需14次;LDH酶谱在5个发育阶段各有5条带,仅酶活性有强弱变化;EST酶谱不仅条带数从2条增加到9条,酶活性也有明显变化,EST1和EST3在5个阶段都出现,且酶活性逐渐升高;MDH酶谱共出现6条带,MDH1和MDH4分布延伸时间跨度大,酶活性高,可看作主带。因此日本沼虾变态发育过程中同工酶谱带随变态发育而变化,反映了不同组织器官细胞组成和不同组织中不同同工酶的活性和出现顺序,可作为鉴别种属特异性和发育阶段特异性的一项生化指标。     

郁江梯级水电站群联合优化调度初探

2012—2013年3—9月在郁江金陵江段开展了漂流性鱼卵、仔稚鱼补充群体定点调查监测。结果显示共有鱼卵、仔稚鱼21种(类),隶属4目8科。优势种为䱗 (Hemiculter leucisculus) (22.2%)、鰕虎鱼(Gobiidae)(15.0%)、䱻属(Hemibarbus) (14.4%)、银鮈 (Squalidus argentatus) (7.2%)和银鲴(Xenocypris argentea) (5.5%)。每年流经金陵断面的卵苗总量平均为1.29×10⁸尾,以产黏性卵和沉性卵鱼类仔稚鱼为主,产漂流性卵鱼类仔稚鱼占卵苗总量的22.3%,未采集到四大家鱼鱼卵和仔稚鱼。卵苗发生在5—8月,以6月为盛期,月平均卵苗密度达0.041 4 ind·m^–3。鱼卵密度、仔稚鱼总密度与径流量之间具有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01,n=270),径流量与䱗、银鮈、䱻属仔稚鱼密度之间也存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05,n=270)。与历史资料对比,郁江鱼类产卵场功能发生了较大的变化,四大家鱼产卵场基本消失,仅赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、银鮈等小型产漂流卵鱼类还能成功补充,但资源量较小。径流量的年际波动是影响郁江中游早期资源补充的重要因素。