松褐天牛幼虫肠道黏质沙雷氏菌培养条件与木质素降解功能

目的: 研究松褐天牛幼虫肠道内黏质沙雷氏菌木质素降解功能,为揭示松褐天牛与肠道细菌协作降解木质素的机制提供依据。方法: 以硫酸盐木质素液体培养基培养黏质沙雷氏菌,采用酶标仪微量测定法研究该菌对木质素的降解能力,考察其产木质素降解酶的种类及其变化,以及体外培养条件对该菌产优势降解酶——木质素过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果: 体外培养10天后黏质沙雷氏菌对硫酸盐木质素的累计降解率达94.12%,其中第4天的单日降解率最高,达15.16%。该菌在木质素培养基中可产木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶3种木质素降解酶,其中木质素过氧化物酶活性最高,然后依次是锰过氧化物酶和漆酶,前2种酶的日变化趋势与培养基中木质素的降解率相近。该菌产木质素过氧化物酶的最适培养基条件：pH5、硫酸木质素质量浓度3 g·L^-1,有机氮源、酵母膏质量浓度5 g·L^-1,Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、K⁺离子质量浓度分别为0.20、0.40、0.15、0.04和0 g·L^-1。结论: 黏质沙雷氏菌具有较强的木质素降解能力,可通过产生木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶实现其对木质素的降解功能;培养基中木质素浓度、pH值、氮源种类及其浓度、金属离子及其浓度等对其产木质素过氧化物酶的活性均有显著影响。     

用模糊综合评判法预测马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量

为了提高马尾松毛虫一代、二代幼虫高峰期发生量预报的准确性,为有效防治马尾松毛虫提供科学依据,本文运用模糊综合评判的6个数学模型预测安徽省潜山县马尾松毛虫一代、二代幼虫高峰期的发生量,验证预报1989年、1994年、2002年和2017年一代马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量,预报结果分别为2级、4级、2级和1级,与实况级别完全吻合,预报结果准确。预报1989年、1994年、2002年和2017年二代马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量,预报结果依次是4级、5级、2级和1级。同样与实况级别全部相同。预报的准确率为100%,模糊综合评判法是一个运算简便、准确性高的预报方法。     

褐牙鲆早期发育阶段CRH基因表达及 受甲状腺激素的影响

[目的]探析褐牙鲆仔鱼早期发育阶段促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素基因(CRH)的表达情况及受甲状腺激素的影响作用,为开展牙鲆的人工繁育提供科学依据.[方法]通过实时荧光定量PCR检测褐牙鲆早期发育阶段CRH基因表达量,以ELISA测定褐牙鲆仔鱼甲状腺激素(T3和T4)水平,并测定经外源T3浸泡处理后早期发育褐牙鲆仔鱼CRH基因表达量的变化情况,探究CRH和甲状腺激素在褐牙鲆早期发育阶段的影响及作用关系.[结果]1~8日龄褐牙鲆仔鱼CRH基因相对表达量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在5日龄达最高值,显著高于其他日龄的仔鱼(P<0.05,下同).10~42日龄褐牙鲆仔鱼CRH基因主要在其头部表达,尾部CRH基因的相对表达量随着生长发育的进程而逐渐增加.褐牙鲆仔鱼变态前期甲状腺激素T4含量逐渐增加,变态高峰期迅速升高,在变态后期呈下降趋势.较其他早期发育时期,甲状腺激素T3在褐牙鲆变态期维持高水平,但含量低于甲状腺激素T4.22日龄褐牙鲆仔鱼经50 nmol/L外源T3处理2 h后,其头部和尾部CRH基因的相对表达量显著升高;但以外源T3处理8 h后,无论是头部还是尾部,CRH基因的相对表达量均呈显著下降趋势.[结论]褐牙鲆早期变态发育需CRH基因高表达及甲状腺激素积累,二者对褐牙鲆早期变态发育阶段具有重要作用并呈互相代偿效应.     

Nutritional evaluation of decapsulated cysts of fairy shrimp (Streptocephalus dichotomus) for ornamental fish larval rearing

The suitability of decapsulated cysts of the fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus dichotomus as a sole diet was evaluated for the ornamental angelfish Pterophylum scalare larvae. Brine shrimp, Artemia sp., and microworms, Panagrellus redivivus, were used as comparison foods. The results indicate an appreciable weight gain of 15.22±1.69 mg and a growth (length) of 0.876±0.03 cm in experimental fish fed decapsulated fairy shrimp cysts compared with the growth and weight of fish fed other foods. The influence of the experimental diets was further reflected in the composition of fatty acid and amino‐acid profiles of the experimental fish. Angelfish larvae readily consumed the decapsulated cysts and utilized them efficiently during the early days of exogenous feeding.     

首乌蜜对家蚕幼虫寿命的影响

用５％、１０％、２０％复方“蜂产品制品首乌蜜浸泡桑叶４小时，对家蚕（ＢｏｍｂｙｘｍｏｒｉＬ．）进行添食试验。结果表明，添食５％、１０％、２０％首乌蜜溶液分别能使家蚕幼虫寿命较对照组（以蒸馏水代替首乌蜜）延长７．７２、７．６８、４．８２小时，统计学上差异极显著（新复极差检验法；Ｐ＜０．０１）。由此证实，首乌蜜具有抗衰老作用。同时，没有发现家蚕因添食首乌蜜而死亡，说明首乌蜜没有毒性。     

水温升高对黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪变态时长和血液参数的影响

为探究升温对黑斑侧褶蛙（Pelophylax nigromaculatus）变态时长、形态表型和血液参数的影响,在水温为21、23、25和27℃条件下,测定了从37期蝌蚪发育至46期变态完成期时的变态时长、身体大小、血液中各型白细胞的百分比及嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值（N/L的比值）的变化。结果显示,21 ℃组和23 ℃组的变态时长显著长于25 ℃组和27 ℃组（P < 0.05）;体重、体长以及体重与体长的比值都在21 ℃组最高,25 ℃组最低,但均无明显的组间差异（P > 0.05）。水温对血液淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核细胞的百分比以及N/L的比值均无明显影响（P > 0.05）。升温可加速黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪的变态过程,但不影响各型白细胞所代表的天然免疫能力和应激反应能力。     

An Analytical Model for Predicting the Carrying Capacity of Submerged Biofilters Used in Aquaculture

Laboratory data and information from the literature were used to develop an equation that models ammonia removal by submerged biofilters. The equation is based on the half-order/zero-order kinetics model and fixed biofilm nitrification, which indicates that the nitrification rate is a linear function of the ammonia concentration at ammonia concentrations <2.0 mg/l. Input data for the equation include easily gathered information of flow rate, biofilter size, maximum permissible ammonia level, biofilter influent and biofilter effluent ammonia concentrations, temperature, and ammonia production rate. The equation can be used to determine the carrying capacity of the submerged biofilters, to estimate biofilter sizes needed to support various fish loads, and to investigate the effects of changes in biofilter system parameters on carrying capacity. Comparisons of the predicted and actual carrying capacities of several experimental biofilters indicated that the equation accurately predicted carrying capacity under most conditions. Studies of the sensitivity of the equation to changes in system parameters demonstrated that flow rate limits biofilter performance and suggested an approach for determining cost-effective flow rates for biofilter operation.     

Why is cannibalism less frequent when larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reared under dim light?

Survival rates of the larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reported to be three times higher under dim conditions (0.1 lx) than those under 100 lx. In this study, larval behaviour of sutchi catfish was examined under various light intensities (<0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 lx) using a CCD camera to understand why survival rates vary under different light intensities. Five‐day‐old larvae showed significantly higher swimming activity under <0.01, 0.1 and 1 lx than those under 10 and 100 lx. On the other hand, the larvae showed significantly higher aggressive behaviour under 10 and 100 lx; swimming larvae attacked resting individuals more frequently under 10 and 100 lx than those under 0 and 0.1 lx. Aggressive behaviour was considered to induce lesions, inflicted by the sharp teeth of attacking larvae, on larval skin surfaces. It is considered that the chemical substances would generate from injured skin surfaces then acted as stimuli, causing the cannibalistic behaviour in other fish around the injured fish. This study provided evidence that the observed higher survival rates depended on lower frequency of aggressive behaviour under dark or dim conditions. It is therefore recommended that larval rearing of sutchi catfish be conducted under dim (less than 1 lx) conditions.