全国土壤普查科研项目成果简介

１９７９年起，执行“六五”重点研项目全国土壤调查制图时，受到中央重视，国务院发专文要求开展全国土壤普查。该项目由基层（乡）做起，逐级汇总成县，地，省级土壤报告与图件。各省分别完成省土壤专著与系列分省图件，全国已汇总成：＜＜中国土壤与土壤资源＞＞专著与六本分大区《中国土种志》及１：１００万全国土壤图与１：４００万土壤系列图。并对全国土壤资源按质与量（面积数）分别论述其合理开发利用。     

Relating bat species presence to simple habitat measures in a central Appalachian forest

We actively sampled the bat community at 63 sites using detection and non-detection metrics on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the central Appalachians of West Virginia using Anabat acoustical equipment May-June 2001-2003 to relate species presence to simple habitat measures such as proximity to riparian areas, forest canopy cover, forest canopy gap width, and forest canopy height. We acoustically detected eight species on the FEF, including the endangered Myotis sodalis. The presence of Lasiurus cinereus, M. lucifugus, M. sodalis, and Pipistrellus subflavus was associated more with riparian areas than upland areas. Both univariate comparisons and multiple logistic regression modeling showed that the probability that clutter-adapted foraging species such as M. septentrionalis and M. sodalis would be detected was greater as forest canopy cover increased or forest canopy gap size decreased, whereas the opposite was true for open-adapted foraging species such as Eptesicus fuscus and L. cinereus. The overall proportion of unidentifiable bat echolocation sequences to those identified to species was related to upland sites with increasing forest canopy cover indicating some sampling bias between cluttered and uncluttered habitats. However, given sufficient sample points, bat community surveys using acoustical detection show the ability to quickly develop generalized habitat associations for rugged areas such as the central Appalachians where traditional mist-net survey efforts often are logistically difficult and are lacking in scope. Moreover, these acoustical surveys also could lend themselves to species-specific predictive mapping of foraging habitat as well as allowing researchers to formulate testable hypotheses about detailed bat habitat relationships to be definitively tested with radio-telemetry techniques.     

Diversity in natural populations of wild Brassica oleracea as estimated by isozyme and RAPD analysis

Naturally occurring populations of wild Brassica oleracea were collected in Spain, France, and Great Britain. Allele frequencies at four isozyme loci were determined for 18 populations, while five populations were screened using five random primers to generate RAPDs. Levels of homozygosity and gene diversity, H, were computed for each population using isozyme data and RAPD data when applicable. Homozygosity levels tended to be higher in smaller populations, which could also be observed as increased numbers of homozygous loci in smaller populations. Gene diversity values based on isozymes indicated considerable within population variation regardless of population size. The RAPID based gene diversities were significantly higher and the two exceptional populations displayed diversity levels more in keeping with the rest. The coefficient of gene differentiation, G _ST , for populations in each region showed that the Spanish populations were more homogenous than the French or British. When the G _ST for all populations was calculated using isozymes vs. RAPD data, the RAPD data gave a significantly lower value, a plausible result of the higher within population variation detected using RAPDs. Genetic distances between populations from different regions were also calculated from both data sets and used to produce phenograms. Clustering according to geographic region was not evident using either isozyme or RAPD data.     

基于农户视角的陕南坡地利用与治理措施调查研究

[目的]开展基于农户尺度经济视角的坡地利用现状和治理措施调查研究,了解陕南地区坡地弃耕原因,提高土地利用效率,完善坡耕地治理对策。[方法]根据农户尺度经济行为特点设计调查问卷,通过典型村庄农户调查,对陕西省商州区梯田和经济作物坡地的利用现状、经济收益和农民的治理需求进行研究;采用二项Logistic回归模型和比例分析法,研究陕南地区土地利用存在的问题;通过对比坡改梯治理措施效果的优缺点,提出坡地治理建议。[结果]调查共涉及6个村庄,93家农户。2018年农户家庭年均收入约为39 419元;农业生产收入主要来自经济作物,户年均约3 661元,仅占总收入的11.26%;坡耕地经济收入低,导致坡耕地和梯田弃耕现象严重,弃耕率高达15%;弃耕的原因主要有经济收入低,交通不便,农村劳动力不足,土地质量差产出低等因素。坡改梯是提高土地利用效率的重要措施,但仍存在易积水、土层薄等问题,对于梯田田坎类型,干砌石田坎在透水性和耐久性两方面综合性最好。[结论]陕南梯田和坡耕地弃耕现象严重,弃耕原因比较明确;在新的历史时期,需要综合考虑人口、经济效益和环境效益等因素,制定兼具生态与经济效益的水土保持治理与土地利用方案。     

对河南省中部地区退耕还林(草)试点工作的建议——以河南省中牟县为例

河南省中部地区退耕还林(草)已经进行了3～4a,但中部由于本身的特殊的地理环境以及社会背景,无法照搬西部地区政策措施和实施办法。以地处黄河故道地区的河南省中牟县为例,通过对退耕还林(草)政策状况的农户调查结果分析,对中部地区退耕还林(草)的提出了5条建议。     

掌握读者需求提高服务质量--2004年国家农业图书馆读者调查报告

对2004年国家农业图书馆读者问卷调查的结果进行了分析，了解了读者对我馆各项服务工作的满意程度，对各项服务方式的需求及对各种文献信息资源利用的特点。对今后如何进一步提高图书馆的服务质量提出了建议。     

Attitudes of Spanish-speaking veterinarians interested in anaesthesia towards use of total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs: a survey study

ObjectivesTo describe Spanish-speaking veterinary anaesthetists’ attitudes towards use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs.Study designProspective online voluntary survey.PopulationData from 300 answered surveys.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to representatives of the four largest Spanish-speaking veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia associations. It was distributed through mailing lists (Spain, Argentina, Mexico) or social media (Spain, Chile) to gather information on the use, opinions and perceived advantages of TIVA, as well as on preferred alternatives to isoflurane for providing general anaesthesia. Logistic regression was used to test for response associations.ResultsA total of 275 (92%) respondents had used TIVA (24% rarely, 36% sometimes, 40% very often or always). There was an association between a higher rate of TIVA usage and a low specialization level, less clinical experience and unavailability of anaesthetic gas scavenging systems. The main reasons for not using TIVA were lack of familiarity with the technique (92%), unavailability of infusion pumps (32%), established institutional anaesthetic protocol (32%), and technical difficulty (20%). Among frequent TIVA users, a higher proportion reported the greater ease of TIVA use (52%) compared to those that did not perceive such benefit (17%) [odds ratio (OR) = 5.2; 95% confidence interval (CI95), 1.7–16.6; p = 0.004). More respondents did not consider TIVA more expensive (60%) (OR = 2.1; CI95, 1.0–4.3; p = 0.034), more difficult to perform (59%) (OR = 2.5; CI95, 1.3–4.9; p = 0.006) or to manage the equipment (53%) (OR = 3.3; CI95, 1.4–7.8; p = 0.008), than inhalational anaesthetics. During isoflurane shortages, respondents reportedly preferred using an alternative inhalational agent (59%) rather than TIVA (47%).Conclusions and clinical relevanceTIVA use is widespread among veterinarians within the surveyed associations. Frequent TIVA users reported greater perceived advantages. In situations of isoflurane shortage, an alternative inhalational anaesthetic was preferred over TIVA.     

Soil information for agricultural decision making: a New Zealand perspective

Understanding of the soil resource is pivotal to our ability to use, manage and modify soils effectively and responsibly. Yet those who make the most decisions concerning soil use and management – farmers and landholders – rarely have access to reliable soil information at scales suitable for farm decision making. By default, many rely on limited local soil knowledge when making decisions that determine farm performance and environmental impact. Providing detailed nationwide soil information that is appropriate for farm decision making is feasible, as demonstrated by the achievements of several European countries and the USA. For New Zealand, a stratified programme at scales of 1:10 000 for versatile land; 1:25 000 for other agricultural land; and 1:50 000 for non‐domesticated land, would cost NZD $280 million, or NZD $11.2 million per year if spread over the useful life of the information. This investment is small relative to the economic value of agriculture, and necessary if New Zealand is to make meaningful advances in reducing current agri‐environmental trends.     

Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils – long-term regional trends and characterization of fractions

Substantial losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) from the plough layer of intensively managed arable soils in western Europe have recently been reported, but these estimates are associated with very large uncertainties. Following soil surveys in 1952 and 1990 of arable soils in West Flanders (Belgium), we resampled 116 sites in 2003 and thus obtained three paired measurements of the OC stocks in these soils. Ten soils were selected for detailed physical fractionation to obtain possible further explanations for changes in SOC stocks. Between 1990 and 2003, the SOC stocks decreased at an average rate of ?0.19 t OC ha^?1 year^?1. This loss is significant but is still less than half the rate of SOC decrease that was estimated previously for the whole region of Flanders, which includes the study area. Variation in SOC stocks or in the magnitude of SOC stock losses could not be related to soil texture, to changes in ploughing depth, or to recent land‐use changes. A good relationship, however, was found between the SOC losses and organic matter (OM) inputs. The results of the physical fractionation also suggested management to be the predominant factor determining variation in SOC stocks because no correlation was found between soil texture and the absolute amounts of OC present in the largest OM fractions, that is, the OC in free particulate organic matter (POM), and OC associated with the silt + clay size fraction. The proportion of OC in free POM was up to 40% of the total OC, which indicates the important impact of management on SOC and also indicates that a substantial part of the SOC still present, may in the future be lost at a time scale of years to decades assuming that the intensive management continues.     

云南省工程建设使用林地可行性报告中现状调查存在的问题及对策

林地使用可行性报告由正文、附件、附表、附图4大部分组成,是用地单位申请使用林地的必要报批材料之一,也是用地单位缴纳森林植被恢复费、补偿费、安置费的依据。但在林地调查中存在着主体混乱、深度不一、地类划分不合理、林种划分不规范等问题,并提出了对策措施。