鸡胚外泌体miRNAs功能分析

旨在基于鸡胚外泌体及所含有的miRNAs解析其产生生理功效的活性物质基础及作用机制。本研究收集13胚龄惠阳胡须鸡胚蛋18枚（3组,每组6枚）,采用酶消化、蔗糖密度梯度和差速超速离心等方法分离鸡胚组织来源的外泌体,经透射电镜、纳米流式和标志蛋白流式检测等方法鉴定其特征。利用高通量测序方法研究外泌体样本中miRNAs表达谱,对各样本top 10且共表达的miRNAs进行靶基因预测与功能分析。结果表明,分别获得了3个浮力密度范围（S1：1.13 g·mL^-1、S2：1.21 g·mL^-1和S3：1.32 g·mL^-1）具有外泌体典型特征的胞外囊泡;与miRBase V21进行比对发现,S1、S2和S3样品中分别含有675、661和845个已知的miRNAs,这些miRNAs中有488个（52.6%）三者共有,包括了广泛参与细胞增殖、分化和免疫应答等过程的功能性miRNAs。TargetScan 7.2和miRDB预测得到3个样本中top 10且共表达的56个miRNAs的靶基因,获得的3 650个靶基因经DAVID分析,显著富集了24个与机体生长、发育、免疫等有关的生物学通路（P<0.05）,包括MAPK信号通路、mTOR信号通路、Notch信号通路、Wnt信号通路和GnRH信号通路等。本研究建立了鸡胚组织中有效分离外泌体的方法,发现鸡胚组织来源的外泌体miRNAs会影响机体生长发育和免疫调节有关的生物学通路。     

1株烟草青枯病拮抗内生细菌的分离及鉴定

为了筛选具有生防价值的拮抗烟草青枯雷尔氏菌的内生细菌,从湖南长沙、永州、郴州烟草青枯病发病区的健康烟株采集茎秆,采用稀释平板分离法获得150个内生菌株.抑菌结果表明,21个内生菌株对烟草青枯雷尔氏菌2316菌株有拮抗效果,占总菌株数的14.0％.拮抗菌株中,F1菌株24 h对烟草青枯雷尔氏菌株2316抑菌圈直径达6.5...     

Supply consequences of subsidizing thinning activities in Sweden

This paper is an attempt to measure the supply consequences of the thinning subsidy which was in operation during the cutting season 1979/80. The econometric analyses are based on a questionnaire to a sample of 2500 private non‐industrial forest owners, which was produced by the official Swedish investigation SOU 1981:81. The analyses show that it is questionable whether the subsidy did affect the total cut. The estimates of the supply increase range from an average of zero to 122 m³/owner. As a by‐product we obtain estimates of the price elasticity of the private non‐industrial forest owners supply curve. These estimates range from 0.63 to 1.69.     

Genomewide association study reveals novel quantitative trait loci associated with resistance towards Septoria tritici blotch in North European winter wheat

Fungal diseases are a major constraint for wheat production. Effective disease resistance is essential for ensuring a high production quality and yield. One of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which influences wheat production across the world. In this study, genomewide association mapping was used to identify new chromosomal regions on the wheat genome conferring effective resistance towards STB. A winter wheat population of 164 North European varieties and breeding lines was genotyped with 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat array. The varieties were evaluated for STB in field trials at three locations in Denmark and across 3 years. The association analysis revealed four quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5D and 7A, highly associated with STB resistance. By comparing varieties containing several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varieties containing none of the found QTL, a significant difference was found in the mean disease score. This indicates that an effective resistance can be obtained by pyramiding several QTL.     

Food intake and energy expenditure in growing cats with and without a predisposition to overweight

Overweight and obesity are multifactorial diseases caused by an imbalance in energy metabolism. An underlying genetic predisposition is often a factor in these conditions. In the cat breeding family of the Institute of Animal Nutrition at the Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, a segregating overweight phenotype with a genetic contribution was observed. From this breeding family, 26 kittens were followed from birth up to 8 months of age. During this time, food intake was measured using an automatic feeding station, and energy expenditure was investigated using indirect calorimetry at the ages of 4 and 6 months. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed and blood glucose, leptin and insulin were measured at the ages of 4, 6 and 8 months. The kittens were also weighed daily for the first 2 weeks of life, every second day until weaning and once per week until 8 months of age. The body condition score (BCS) was evaluated monthly between 2 and 8 months of age. The main finding of this study is that a predisposition to overweight is connected to a higher food intake early in life, with no significant alterations in energy expenditure. The leptin blood levels were related to body fat percentage, and insulin sensitivity did not seem to be affected.     

Temperature modulates liver lipid accumulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed low dietary levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed five graded levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), from 1.4 to 5.2% of total fatty acids (FA, 5–17 mg kg^?1 feed), and grew from ~160 g to ~3000 g, with the period from 1450 g onwards conducted both at 6 °C and at 12 °C. All fish appeared healthy, and there were no diet‐related differences in haematological or plasma parameters, as well as intestinal histological or gut microbiota analysis. Fish reared at 6 °C had higher accumulation of storage lipids in the liver compared to fish reared at 12 °C. Liver lipids also increased with decreasing dietary EPA + DHA at 6 °C, while there was no such relationship at 12 °C. Gene expression of SREBP1 and 2, LXR, FAS and CPT1 could not explain the differences in liver lipid accumulation. In liver polar lipids, DHA was found to be reduced when dietary EPA + DHA was <2.7% of FAs, while the level of EPA in the membranes was not affected. In conclusion, reducing dietary EPA + DHA from 5.2 to 1.4% of total FAs had a minor impact on fish health. Temperature was the factor that most affected the liver lipid accumulation, but there was also an interaction with dietary components.     

胸腺嘧啶依赖型金黄色葡萄球菌小菌落突变株的分离鉴定

本试验对由患慢性奶牛乳房炎奶样中分离出的1株疑似金黄色葡萄球菌小菌落突变株(SCVs)进行形态观察、金黄色葡萄球菌相关保守基因片段(nuc、nucA、16S rDNA) 多重PCR扩增鉴定、药敏试验、生理生化特性研究及补偿试验。结果显示分离出1株金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs,该菌含有金黄色葡萄球菌菌种特异性基因nuc和nucA;与金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC 25923的抑菌圈大小明显不同;菌落形态主要表现为菌落细小、生长缓慢、溶血能力下降;凝固酶活性下降;耐盐能力降低;革兰氏染色为革兰氏阳性球菌,呈葡萄状排列;补偿试验鉴定该金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs为胸腺嘧啶依赖型。结果表明成功分离鉴定出1株胸腺嘧啶依赖型金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs,为由金黄色葡萄球菌SCVs引起的奶牛慢性乳房炎的预防和控制及其致病机制的研究奠定前期基础。     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.     

Partial replacement of soybean meal with Methylobacterium extorquens single‐cell protein in feeds for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile rainbow trout (15–16 g initial weight) to assess the effects of including single‐cell protein (SCP) produced from Methylobacterium extorquens in trout feeds. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were produced: a control diet and two experimental diets containing 5% or 10% bacterial protein meal replacing soybean meal. Triplicate tanks, each containing 35 fish, were fed each diet to apparent satiation in a constant‐temperature (15°C), flow‐through tank system for 12 weeks. No statistically significant differences in final fish weight or other fish growth parameters were observed. Similarly, feed efficiency parameters showed no significant differences among groups. Nutrient retention indices (protein, fat, energy) were relatively high and similar among fish in each dietary treatment group, as were whole body proximate compositions. Fish survival was high, with a small but statistically significant increase for the 10% SCP diet. Overall, results demonstrate that SCP from M. extorquens is a safe and effective alternative protein for rainbow trout diets at the low inclusion levels tested. Slightly lower weight gain in fish fed the 10% SCP diet was largely due to lower feed intake, suggesting that adding palatability‐enhancing ingredients to feeds may allow higher levels of M. extorquens SCP to be used without compromising fish growth.     

化隆县林草地鼠虫害调查及防治

就化隆县林草地带鼠虫害发生及防治情况进行了总结,指出了存在的问题,并就今后防治情况提出了建议。