植物抗病机制与信号传导研究进展

植物抗病分子机制与信号传导途径的研究一直是分子植物病理学关注的热点,近十年来,该领域的研究取得了显著进展。本文主要从植物抗病基因与病原菌无毒基因的分子克隆与结构分析、二者之间互作模型、SA信号传导途径与JA信号传导途径的研究等方面概述了植物抗病机制的研究进展。     

Duration analysis of technology adoption effects of dissemination pathways: A case of ‘push-pull’ technology for control of Striga weeds and stemborers in Western Kenya

Since its introduction, the ‘push-pull’ technology (PPT) has been promoted as an innovative approach for addressing yield losses caused by Striga weeds and stemborer infestations on farmers’ maize fields in western Kenya. The technology has been disseminated through different pathways each of which might have different uptake enhancement capabilities. This study was concerned with how different dissemination pathways impacted on farmers’ time to adoption while controlling the effects of selected socio-economic and regional factors. This assessment was necessary in order to recommend which dissemination pathway or combination of pathways that could provide an effective dissemination strategy that speed up adoption, while ensuring continued practice of the technology. Data were analyzed using a parametric (Weibull) functional form to specify time to adoption from the first date of a farmer being aware of the technology. The findings indicate positive duration dependence and a positive rate of change in the adoption process. Field days (FD) had the highest effect on the speed of uptake, followed by Farmer Teachers (FT). Other variables that accelerated adoption were education, household size and high-income level. Gender, Tropical Livestock Units (TLUs), group membership, and district dummy variables had delaying effects on the adoption process. The findings suggest the need to fast track the scale up and uptake of PPT through pathways which allow for interactive information sharing and learning as exemplified through farmer teachers and field days.     

论花木整形修剪和病虫害防治

树立防治病虫害思想,贯彻“预防为主、综合防治”的方针,根据病虫害发生规律,采取有效措施,在病虫害发生前,予以有效控制。     

甘肃臭草入侵对亚高山草地土壤碳氮库的影响

甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)型退化草地是祁连山北坡常见的一种毒杂草草地退化类型。以臭草型退化草地和其周边未遭受臭草入侵的未退化草地为研究对象,分析了臭草入侵对草地植被群落结构和草地土壤碳、氮库的影响。结果表明,臭草入侵导致草地植被群落结构特征发生明显变化,甘肃臭草代替针茅成为草地群落优势物种。土壤含水量、容重、pH、电导率等土壤指标在两样地间也存在差异。臭草入侵并形成杂草群落后,增加了草地土壤有机碳、全氮的含量,但与未退化草地相比,无显著性差异(P0.05),臭草型退化草地土壤有机碳、氮储量(0~30 cm)显著高于未退化草地(P0.05)。说明甘肃臭草的侵入只改变了亚高山草地的植被群落结构,没有导致草地固碳、固氮能力的降低。     

松材线虫入侵对森林生态系统的影响

综述了因松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus入侵对松林内植物群落演替、节肢动物群落、鸟类群落及微生态环境方面的影响,展望了松材线虫病在生态系统水平上的研究方向。在探究松材线虫病的防控技术及措施上,一方面要深入探讨松材线虫的入侵机制,揭示它们对特定松林生态系统结构和功能的影响;同时还应从增强系统自身抵抗性和系统应对生物灾害的自我补偿和生态修复能力入手,以期从生态尺度上探求松材线虫病的防控策略。参36     

我国牧草及草坪草引种与生物入侵探讨

简述了生物入侵的概念、牧草及草坪草引种所带来的杂草入侵现状,并通过分析入侵性牧草及草坪草的形成过程、危害现状与引种利用的关系,阐明了在牧草及草坪草引种利用的同时,既要考虑经济效益,又要重视入侵物种引起的生态风险,并提出了我国牧草及草坪草引种造成生物入侵的预防对策。     

Invasion of Praxelis clematidea increases the chemically non-labile rather than labile soil organic carbon in a tropical savanna

Soil organic carbon (SOC) consists of various classes of organic substances that can be pooled as labile and non-labile fractions. Previous studies have suggested that plant invasion increases SOC content, but whether invasion consistently alters SOC fractions remains unclear. Consequently, the present study was conducted to observe the effects of Praxelis clematidea invasion on SOC fractions in a tropical savanna of southern China. Soil samples were collected in two surface soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) from non-, slightly and severely invaded plots to analyse the total SOC, readily oxidizable SOC (ROC), and non-readily oxidizable SOC (NROC) content. The results showed that severe P. clematidea invasion significantly increased the SOC content by 47% in the surface soil (p < 0.001). The increase in SOC content largely originated from the accumulation of NROC (the non-labile fraction), rather than ROC which typically is regarded as the labile OC fraction. This change may be beneficial to long-term soil C stabilization because chemical recalcitrance is an important pathway to prevent SOC from decomposition. Although the mechanisms for NROC accumulation have not been thoroughly elucidated to date, our results suggest that P. clematidea invasion may facilitate soil C sequestration in this tropical savanna.     

Modelling of the spread of Dothistroma septosporum in Europe

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), a disease affecting several pine species, is currently generating great concern in Europe. Caused by Dothistroma pini and Dothistroma septosporum, DNB affects pine needles and causes premature defoliation, which results in growth reduction and, in extreme cases, mortality. The disease has increased in importance in Europe over the last 20 years, with an increase in the number of observations of DNB in regions with large areas of Pinus sylvestris in northern Europe. This article presents a cell‐based spatiotemporal model for predicting the likelihood and intensity of the future spread of D. septosporum in Europe. Here, “spread” includes both invasion of new regions and infection of healthy stands within already‐colonized regions. Predicted spread depends on the availability of host species, climatic suitability of different regions to D. septosporum and dispersal of sexual and asexual spores from infected trees to surrounding forests via water splash, mist and wind. Long‐distance spread through transport of infected seedlings is also included in the model. Simulations of spread until 2007 and 2015 were used to validate the model. These simulations produced similar patterns of spread to those observed in Europe. Simulations for 2030 suggested that additional and new outbreaks are likely to occur in Scotland, southern Norway, southern and central Sweden, northern parts of Germany and Poland, Estonia, Latvia and south‐west Finland. Preventing the delivery of infected seedlings would be an effective method for reducing the spread of D. septosporum in the Nordic countries, Scotland and Ireland, the Baltic countries, and parts of Germany, Poland and Belarus. In these states, prevention of transport of infected seedlings can reduce the probability of additional spread by 15%–40%.     

International influences in the revision of Finnish Forest Act

Major revisions of the Finnish Forest Act were carried out in 1994–1996 and 2010–2013. The need for revision emerged from societal changes and changes in the forest sector’s operational environment that related to the globalisation of markets and influences of international policies. This study analysed the influences of global and European Union forest and environmental policies on the revision of the Forest Act by combining advocacy coalition framework with the four pathways of influence framework introduced by Bernstein and Cashore. The results show that the three identified advocacy coalitions, namely Forestry administration, Private forestry and Environmental coalition remained rather stable over the two revision processes from 1990s to 2010s. The importance of the different pathways of international influence differed between the coalitions. Private forestry and Forestry administration coalitions, which represented forestry paradigm, stressed market-related arguments, whereas Environmental coalition representing environmental paradigm mainly referred to international legally binding rules and non-legally binding initiatives. The argumentation of the actors indicated that international rules and international norms and discourse were regarded to be as equally important.