Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Heat stress(HS)can be detrimental to the gut health of swine.Many negative outcomes induced by HS are increasingly recognized as including modulation of intestinal microbiota.In turn,the intestinal microbiota is a unique ecosystem playing a critical role in mediating the host stress response.Therefore,we aimed to characterize gut microbiota of pigs’exposure to short-term HS,to explore a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and HS-related changes,including serum cytokines,oxidation status,and intestinal epithelial barrier function.Our findings showed that HS led to intestinal morphological and integrity changes(villus height,serum diamine oxidase[DAO],serum D-lactate and the relative expressions of tight junction proteins),reduction of serum cytokines(interleukin[IL]-8,IL-12,interferongamma[IFN-g]),and antioxidant activity(higher glutathione[GSH]and malondialdehyde[MDA]content,and lower superoxide dismutase[SOD]).Also,16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that although there was no difference in microbial a-diversity,some HS-associated composition differences were revealed in the ileum and cecum,which partly led to an imbalance in the production of short-chain fatty acids including propionate acid and valerate acid.Relevance networks revealed that HS-derived changes in bacterial genera and microbial metabolites,such as Chlamydia,Lactobacillus,Succinivibrio,Bifidobacterium,Lachnoclostridium,and propionic acid,were correlated with oxidative stress,intestinal barrier dysfunction,and inflammation in pigs.Collectively,our observations suggest that intestinal damage induced by HS is probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis,though the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.     

旱盐交叉胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,0.3%或0.6%的土壤含盐量可提高轻度(土壤相对含水量65%)和中度(土壤相对含水量50%)干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的生物量和植株含水量,同时叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸含量下降,根系和地上部Na+含量增加、K+含量降低;而0.9%的土壤含盐量处理或在重度干旱(土壤相对含水量35%)胁迫下随土壤含盐量的增加,燕麦幼苗生物量和植株含水量降低,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量增加,根系和地上部Na+含量进一步提高,K+含量迅速降低。表明适量的土壤含盐量可通过提高渗透调节缓解轻、中度干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,而过量的盐分加重干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害作用。     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶促大豆分离蛋白聚集:蛋白质和酶浓度以及热处理的影响

 研究了大豆分离蛋白的枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解产物的聚集行为。加入枯草杆菌蛋白酶后,大豆蛋白分离物被迅速降解为分子量小于6.5kDa小分子组分,这些组分相互作用形成大的聚集物。水解液的浊度变化趋势呈S型,底物浓度大于3.2％(酶浓度为750U/mL)时蛋白质的浓度对聚集过程的影响更明显,此临界浓度主要取决于酶浓度。适当的预热处理有利于酶促聚集。由于聚集物能溶于SDS和尿素,说明非共价键(主要是疏水相互作用、氢键和离子键)对聚集物的形成有特别重要的作用。最后并提出了酶促聚集的机理。     

蜈蚣草中砷与磷、钾、钙等营养元素的交互作用

砷污染对植物、动物和人体均产生毒害作用。研究砷元素与磷、钾、钙等元素的交互作用,结果表明:在蜈蚣草体内磷的浓度会随着培养液中砷浓度的增加而增加,两者并不存在拮抗关系;蜈蚣草羽叶表皮细胞中砷和钾浓度呈显著正相关;蜈蚣草中砷的累积量会同时受介质中砷水平和钙水平的限制。在提高介质中的砷浓度时,蜈蚣草根部的镁浓度逐渐降低,但对叶柄和羽叶中的镁浓度无显著影响。     

玉米花粉与花丝早期互作的蛋白质组学分析

 【目的】分离授粉早期玉米花丝的总蛋白质,为从蛋白质组角度揭示玉米花粉与花丝早期的相互作用奠定基础。【方法】以玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系Ga25为试材,采用三氯乙酸-丙酮法提取总蛋白质,运用双向电泳、质谱分析与检索技术,比较自交授粉后1 h和2 h的花丝蛋白质组的差异。【结果】与授粉1 h的蛋白质组相比,在授粉2 h后的蛋白质组中出现28个差异蛋白点,其中,6个蛋白质点特异表达,19个蛋白质点上调表达,3个蛋白质点下调表达;通过MALDI-TOF-MS质谱测序和MASCOT序列分析,注释了23个蛋白质点,其余5个为未知蛋白;功能分类表明,差异蛋白质分别参与细胞壁合成(21.4%)、防御/抗胁迫(17.9%)、细胞组织、蛋白命运、蛋白合成、转录等细胞过程。【结论】在玉米花粉与花丝早期的相互作用过程中蛋白质组有显著的变化,与授粉后1 h相比,授粉后2 h的蛋白质组中大部分差异蛋白呈上调趋势,并有特异蛋白质出现;分泌型过氧化物酶、膨胀素、果胶甲基化酶抑制蛋白、谷胱甘肽转移酶与未知蛋白4可能与玉米花粉和花丝的早期互作密切相关。     

酸性土壤植物磷铝互作研究进展

铝毒和缺磷是酸性土壤上作物生产的2个主要限制因子,解决酸性土壤铝毒和缺磷问题是提高作物产量及保障粮食安全的重要途径。酸性土壤中铝毒和缺磷经常共存,磷与铝在土壤、根-土界面和植物体内关系密切,其相互作用对植物生长发育具有重要影响。该文总结了酸性土壤中铝的存在形式、磷的现状及存在形式,简述了近年来磷与铝元素交互作用对植物生长发育的影响,并对进一步的研究作了展望。     

亚热带草地生态系统中植物多样性与AM真菌互作的研究

为了揭示草地生态系统中植物多样性与AM真菌的相互关系,对三块亚热带草地生态系统中植被和AM真菌的多样性进行了调查.结果表明,不同草地的AM真菌多样性没有差异,而植被多样性存在显著差异,植被Shannon-Weiner多样性指数分别为0 4 6 0、0 6 14和1 70 3.三块草地的AM真菌孢子密度分别是4 7、2 1和5 2g-1,表明土壤中AM真菌孢子密度高的草地,其植被多样性指数也高.植被的多样性指数与孢子密度的相关系数为0 6 5 8(P <0 0 1) ,植被的物种丰度与孢子密度的相关系数为0 5 4 3(P <0 0 5 ) .该研究表明,孢子密度是AM真菌影响植被多样性的一个重要因子     

鳊鱼鱼糜保藏特性的研究

对在不同温度（-80％,-20℃,0℃,5℃）下保藏了一个月的鳊鱼鱼糜品质进行比较和研究,检测了凝胶强度、挥发性盐基氮、肌球蛋白含量,保藏效果为：一80℃效果最好,-20℃其次,0℃一般,5℃变质严重,即温度越低,保藏效果越好;通过化学作用力、凝胶溶解率、巯基含量、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析品质差异原因,结果发现：在鳊鱼鱼糜蛋白质构象稳定时,离子键作用力强、总巯基含量高。在品质较差的鱼糜中,疏水键和非二硫键较强。     

酵母双杂交系统及其应用研究进展

酵母双杂交系统作为一种有效研究蛋白质相互作用的分子生物学方法,具有真实、高效、敏感、广泛的特点,被广泛应用于诸如蛋白质组学、基因组学等领域.主要对酵母双杂交技术的原理、特点及应用现状进行了综述.