Protective Effects Against Erwinia amylovora Induced by hrp Mutants in the Whole Plant are Only Partially Mimicked in Cultivated Cells

A virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of Maloideae, and two of its non-virulent hrp mutants (a secretory and a regulatory mutant) were inoculated into apple cell suspensions either alone or in mixed inoculations. In single inoculations, death of 4- to 5-day-old apple cells occurred only when the concentration of the virulent strain of E. amylovora reached a threshold inoculum concentration of 10⁴CFUml^–1, while high concentrations of the hrp mutants were unable to kill apple cells. When mixed inoculated with the virulent parental strain, both hrp mutants protected apple cells from death caused by the virulent strain. The protective effect was associated with a decrease in the population level of the virulent strain and it was dependent on the non-virulent to virulent inoculum concentration suggesting a competition between the non-virulent mutant and the virulent strain. However, no differential protective ability between the two types of mutants could be noticed, contrary to previous results obtained with apple seedlings or apple flowers in which the regulatory mutant was significantly more effective than the secretory mutant. In conclusion, inoculation of apple cell cultures with E. amylovora does not seem to be a model suitable for investigating mechanisms leading to protection.     

锌、铁和维生素A互作对肉仔鸡血清中抗氧化生化指标的影响

试验选用360只健康1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡(公母混养),采用2×2×3三因子析因化设计,将360只试验雏鸡随机分成12组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。锌的添加浓度为:50、100mg/kg,铁的添加浓度为:30、60mg/kg,维生素A(VA)的添加浓度为:1500、3000、6000 IU/kg。以此来研究不同水平的锌、铁、VA同时添加时,三者间在肉仔鸡血清抗氧化功能方面的互作效应。研究结果表明:从血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量4个血液生化指标来看,锌、铁和VA三者之间表现出了显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。并且综合血清生化指标分析,锌、铁和VA的最适添加量分别为100mg/kg、60mg/kg和3000 IU/kg。     

锌、铁和维生素A互作对肉仔鸡血清和肝脏抗氧化效应的影响

试验选用360只健康1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡(公、母混养),采用2×2×3三因子析因化设计,将360只试验雏鸡随机分成12组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。锌的添加浓度为50、100mg/kg,铁的添加浓度为30、60mg/kg,维生素A的添加浓度为1500、3000、6000IU/kg。测定了肉仔鸡血清、肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、铜锌超氧化物歧化(酶CuZn-SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量,以此来研究不同水平的锌、铁、维生素A同时添加,三者在肉仔鸡血清、肝脏抗氧化功能方面的互作效应。结果表明:锌、铁与维生素A三者互作对提高肉仔鸡血清CuZn-SOD活性影响极显(著P<0.01),对提高肉仔鸡肝脏GSH-Px活性和降低MDA含量影响极显(著P<0.01)。这说明锌、铁、维生素A三者之间在肉仔鸡抗氧化方面存在协同效应。     

水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响

在防雨棚管栽试验条件下,以品种“3279”为研究材料,通过7种不同处理来研究水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响,试验结果表明:不同的水肥耦合处理中,冬小麦的光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度有所不同,三者之间有很好的平衡关系。其中,深层施肥处理其小麦在生长后期能够维持较高的光合速率,但气孔导度却有所降低,有效地减少了水分散失,表现出很好的节水潜力。同样水分条件下维持同样高的光合速率时,深层施肥的肥上灌水与肥下灌水相比,其受水分影响小,叶绿素含量下降快。深施肥20 cm处灌水处理,在开花后小麦叶片光合作用最强,气孔导度小,细胞间隙CO2浓度高,具有更好的节水潜力。     

Protection of olive planting stocks against parasitism of root-knot nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices , Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum , and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica , on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9–214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica . In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8–38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3–36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8–35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root-knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate–olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.     

Major Gene and Polygenic Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

The most common and effective way to control phoma stem canker (blackleg) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is through the breeding of resistant cultivars. Race specific major genes that mediate resistance from the seedling stage have been identified in B. napus or have been introgressed from related species. Many race specific major genes have been described and some of them are probably identical in B. napus (allotetraploid AACC) and the parental species B. rapa (diploid AA). More work is needed using a set of well-characterised isolates to determine the number of different major resistance genes available. In some B. napus cultivars, there is resistance which is polygenic (mediated by Quantitative Trait Loci) and postulated to be race non-specific. Many of these major genes and Quantitative Trait Loci for resistance to L. maculans have been located on B. napus genetic maps. Genes involved in race specific and polygenic resistance are generally distinct.     

土-桩-结构系统运动方程的求解方法

土－结构动力相互作用分析的子结构法中，土－结构系统运动方程的刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵与频率相关。工程中通常采用系统的基本频率来计算地基的动力阻抗以简化运动方程的求解。对于土－桩－结构系统，本文提出一种时域中的精确解法来考察这种近似解法的有效性。     

保障房信息交互机制研究

本文重点研究保障房建设过程中面临的主要问题、政府相关部门之间信息的交互模式和政府职能部门与群众之间信息的交互模式,通过对保障房信息模型以及交互功能研究,重点分析保障房实现统一信息发布、信息咨询、意见反馈、信息归纳处理,保障房建设的位置、规模、进度安排等信息的发布,保障房申请条件、程序等相关政策信息的发布和咨询,群众对保障房建设过程中的意见和建议等信息的反馈、对反馈的信息的归类整理等相关内容,通过对电子政务信息模型以及交互功能研究,对研究和应用保障房信息交互技术、促进保障房建设具有积极意义。     

梁非线性动力分析中剪力和轴力的相互影响

考虑梁的几何非线性动力问题，研究了其动力分析的中剪力和轴力相互影响的重要性，提出了剪力和轴力的相互影响是考虑系统非线性影响的关键。     

色彩构成教学改革

随着教育教学改革的不断深入，艺术设计相关课程的教学现在也逐渐重视教学设计环节及其理论的研究，尤其是教学模式的研究。应充分将传统构成教学与先进的多媒体工具相结合。为传统色彩构成教学体系注入新鲜血液，催化出更加的合理教学模式。