Effect of Dietary Antarctic Krill Meal on Growth Performance,Muscle Proximate Composition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Spotted Halibut,Verasper variegatus

A 7‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Antarctic krill meal (AKM) on the growth performance, proximate composition of muscles, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile spotted halibut. Six diets were formulated to contain about 50% protein and 8% lipid. A control diet (R0) without AKM and the other five diets with 8.1, 16.2, 24.3, 32.4, and 42.5% AKM supplementation (R10–50) to replace 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% fishmeal protein were used to feed to juvenile spotted halibut. The juveniles were fed with each diet using three replicates and cultivated in the indoor culture system. Results showed that the specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio in the R30 and R40 groups were significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rate in the R50 group was significantly lower compared with the R0 group and the other four AKM supplementation groups. Moreover, the rising AKM levels in diets had significant effects on the chemical composition of juvenile spotted halibut, showing significantly decreased contents of crude protein, but increased lipid and ash contents (P < 0.05). The total superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity of serum and liver in AKM groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the contents of malondialdehyde in serum and liver were significantly lower compared with the control group. These findings illustrate that a moderate AKM level in diets can significantly improve the growth performance, feed utilization, and antioxidative capacity in juvenile spotted halibut, which support the finding that AKM may be used as a good protein source for halibut in the aquafeed industry.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein feed ingredients for loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and energy, and amino acids availability in white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were determined for loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (12.05 ± 0.21 g), using a reference diet with 5 g kg^?1 chromic oxide and test diets that contained 700 g kg^?1 reference diet, by weight, and 300 g kg^?1 of the test feed ingredients. The juvenile loach was held in 300‐l tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. White fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal had highest apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy among ingredients tested, ranged from 50.4% to 60.9% for dry matter, from 64.6% to 88.4% for crude protein and from 57.9% to 79.0% for gross energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ranged from 61.0% to 66.9% for animal products and 50.4% to 60.7% for plant products. For crude protein, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein exceeding 80% were observed for white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal, and the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein in rapeseed meal were the lowest among all the treatments. Lipids from both animal and plant feedstuffs were poorly digested by loach, ranging from 64.0% to 77.6%. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy were similar to those of dry matter and protein, and the highest and lowest ADCs of energy were found in WFM and RM, respectively. The loach used dietary phosphorus from the animal feedstuffs more efficiently than from plant feedstuffs (soybean meal and rapeseed meal), with ADC‐values ranging from 42.3% to 53.1% and from 25.1% to 32.7%, respectively. For the animal products, the availabilities of amino acids in white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than that in meat meal, expect for Met, Asp, Pro, Gly, and Cys. Among all the plant products, the availabilities of amino acids in fermented soybean meal were higher than in soybean meal and rapeseed meal, and thus had a greater potential to be used as a dietary replacement of fish meal in loach diets.     

Effect of high inclusion of rendered animal by‐product ingredients on growth,digestibility and economic performances in climbing perch Anabas testudineus

A 70‐day growth trail was conducted to investigate the effects of inclusion of high levels of meat and bone meal (MBM) and protein concentrate (PC) on growth, digestibility and economic performances of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Four isonitrogenous diets were formulated by lowering the level of dietary fishmeal protein at 0 (D₁, control), 70 (D₂), 85 (D₃) and 100% (D₄) with a mixture of MBM and PC protein (1:1). Triplicate groups of 300 fish (mean weight of 0.80 g) stocked in each 40 m² pond and fed the respective test diets. A digestibility trial was conducted after the growth trial in indoor glass aquarium. The result showed that growth parameters were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with fishmeal replacement levels. However, significant differences were not found in feed conversion ratio and survival of fish. No difference was also found in protein efficiency ratio among D1, D2 and D3. Similar to growth parameters, total fish production was highest in D1, intermediate in D2 and D3; and lowest in D4. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and lipid were highest (P < 0.05) in D1 and lowest in D4. The economic analysis revealed that the benefit cost ratio was ranked by D₃ (1.81), D₂ (1.71), D₁ (1.66) and D₄ (1.46) respectively. Upon considering the overall performances and unavailability of finite protein sources, it can be concluded that 70–85% fishmeal could be replaced with a mixture of MBM and PC (1:1) in practical diets for climbing perch.     

棉粕及脱毒棉粕替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长、体成分及血清生化指标的影响

用不同比例棉粕(CM)及FeSO4处理的脱毒棉粕(CM+Fe)替代饲料中0(CM0,对照组)、10%(CM10)、20%(CM20)、30%(CM30)、50%(CM50)、70%(CM70)和50%(CM50+Fe)、70%(CM70+Fe)的鱼粉,配置成8种等氮等能的饲料,喂养(9.79±0.13)g的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)10周,每组设3个重复,研究棉粕及脱毒棉粕对虹鳟生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标的影响。结果显示:(1)对照组虹鳟增重率(WG)与CM10～CM50以及CM50+Fe组之间差异不显著,CM70组增重率、蛋白质效率(PER)与其他各组相比显著降低,饲料系数(FCR)显著升高。(2)各试验组虹鳟全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分与对照组差异不显著;CM0～CM70组肌肉中游离棉酚含量也逐渐增加,CM50+Fe和CM70+Fe组肌肉游离棉酚含量显著低于CM50和CM70组。(3)CM70和CM70+Fe组谷丙转氨酶与谷草转氨酶活性与对照组相比显著升高,CM10～CM50和CM50+Fe组与对照组差异不显著,血清甘油三酯含量逐渐升高,血糖含量与总蛋白含量逐渐降低。结果表明,棉粕替代鱼粉的适宜比例为19.62%。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶活性及c型溶菌酶mRNA表达的影响

以初重为(41.26±1.09)g的暗纹东方鲀为实验鱼,配制5种玉米蛋白粉使用量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的实验饲料,玉米蛋白粉对饲料中鱼粉的替代水平分别为0%、7.4%、14.8%、22.2%和29.6%。用实验饲料饲养暗纹东方鲀60d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏组织的溶菌酶活性及其c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,(1)暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏的溶菌酶比活力分别为9.14、42.12和40.49U/mgprot,头肾和脾脏组织中c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量分别是肝胰脏的3.76和3.24倍。(2)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉显著影响暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶比活力。5%和10%组的肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而15%和20%组肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%组的脾脏组织溶菌酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),而15%和20%组显著低于对照组和5%组(P<0.05)。(3)玉米蛋白粉对暗纹东方鲀c型溶菌酶基因mRNA相对表达量有显著影响(P<0.05)。肝胰脏组织中5%和10%组表达量显著高...     

转Bt-基因棉棉仁粉对鲤鱼营养价值的研究

为评估转Ｂｔ－基因棉棉仁粉用作鱼饲料的有效性和安全性,将其配成试验饲料进行了１４周鲤鱼喂养,前８周着重就鲤钱垢增重率、特定生长率、铒料系数、鱼体化学成分含量等营养学指标进行了观察。上述各项指标经统计分析,在试验组和对照组之间均无显著性差异。表明转Ｂｔ－基因棉棉仁粉经脱棉酚处理后,与常规棉棉仁粉一样可作鱼用饲料的蛋白源。     

Can fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend be used as fishmeal replacements for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)?

An experiment was carried out to evaluate fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend (1:1) (FP) as replacement of fishmeal (FM) for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isocaloric (19 kJ g^?1) diets were prepared by replacing 0 (FP0), 12 (FP12), 24 (FP24), 36 (FP36) and 48% (FP48) FM protein with FP. Triplicate groups of juveniles (mean weight of 3.9 g) were delivered the test diets for 8 weeks in a flow‐through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the growth rates of fish fed FP0, FP12, FP24 and FP36 diets. Growth and nutrient utilization parameters were significantly reduced in fish fed FP48 diet. Although, whole body proximate composition of fish were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments compared to the control; methionine and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in FP48 group. Protein retention was also significantly decreased in the similar group of fish. Dietary treatments did not alter most of the plasma metabolites, while some of the health parameters were improved in the replacement groups. Results suggested that FP is a potential candidate for alternative protein ingredient in aquafeed and can replace 36% FM protein in the diet of Japanese flounder.     

Supplemental effect of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet on hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The supplemental effects of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based fish meal-free diet on the hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. A fish meal-based diet (FM), three fish meal-free diets supplemented either with soybean lecithin (SL), bovine gall powder (BG) or cholyltaurine (C-tau) and an unsupplemented fish meal-free diet (NFM), were given to fish (−11 g) for 10 weeks. The growth was the lowest in fish fed diet NFM, intermediate in fish fed diet SL and the highest in fish fed diet FM, BG and C-tau. Hepatocytes of fish fed diet NFM were atrophied, and the distal intestine of these fish showed abnormal features: disintegrated microvilli and fatty degeneration in epithelial cells and increased amount of connective tissue in the submucosa. Hepatic and intestinal histological features in fish fed diets SL, BG and C-tau were similar to those in fish fed diet FM. These results indicate that soybean lecithin, bovine bile salts and cholyltaurine have similar effects on normalizing the hepatic and intestinal morphologies of rainbow trout fed the SBM-based diet, although growth promotion effect was limited in the soybean lecithin.     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料,其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉,按等量蛋白替代的原则,在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%,或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%,或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%,添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%,对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降,添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降,添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示,可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%,或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。