全球气候变化下中国农田土壤碳库未来变化

农田土壤碳库对缓解气候变化、保证粮食安全具有重要作用。日益加剧的气候变化对农田土壤有机碳库演变的潜在影响受到广泛关注。全球气候变化所带来的温度、降雨和大气二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度的改变,会通过影响净初级生产力（NPP）、外源碳投入和有机碳分解速率等因素改变生态系统碳循环过程。另外,气候变化也会通过改变土地利用方式和种植制度等农业措施改变生态系统碳循环。综述国内外农田土壤碳库演变对气候变化影响的研究成果表明,到21世纪末,中国气温将会升高3.9-6.0℃,降水有望增加9%-11%。至2050年,气温和降水的变化会造成中国农田系统碳投入相比1980年降低2.3%-10%（小麦、玉米和水稻平均值）。相反,在综合考虑CO₂浓度升高的协同作用后,2050年中国农田系统碳投入相比1990年前将会增加13%-22%（平均年增长率0.2%-0.4%）。模型预测显示,至2020、2050和2080年,中国旱地0-30 cm土层有机碳在CO₂低排放情景下分别会损失2.7、6.0和 7.8 tC·hm^-2,在CO₂高排放情景下分别会损失2.9、6.8和8.2 tC·hm^-2,大概占1980年农田土壤碳的4.5%、10.5%和12.7%。综合碳投入和排放对农田土壤碳库的整体影响来看,21世纪末期中国农田土壤有机碳库含量较1980年会下降10%左右,但如果采取相应的管理措施,可有效抑制农田土壤碳库的降低甚至提高,如农田系统碳投入以每年1%的速度增加时,土壤碳库会在21世纪末增加两倍。目前的研究结果显示,气候变化是否会强烈影响农田土壤碳库依然有很大的不确定因素,其对固碳效应正面和负面影响相互抵消后成为碳源还是碳汇说法不一。因此,在采取缓解气候变化、增加农田土壤固碳的措施的同时,还需加强农田土壤碳库未来变化趋势的研究和探索,为中国政策框架的决定以及未来气候变化谈判提供可靠的科学依据。     

竹林养分循环规律研究：Ⅲ.毛竹纯林竹秆流及其养分输入

在我国毛竹主要产区浙江省安吉县灵峰寺林场试验林的三个区组中，根据立竹直径分布规律确定样竹处理数后，随机布置总共30套秆流收集装置，持续观察21个月，共获91次秆流水。测定每次秆流水量并分析其N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量以研究毛竹林内秆流的变化动态及其养分输入。结果表明：秆流水中不含Ca，其它四元素的年输入量分别为N-1．8557，P-0．0072，K-0.7849，Mg-0.1569，Kg.ha－1；年秆流量为年降水量的12．5％，无论次、月秆流量与相应降水量均为紧密线性相关，但与立竹粗度为显著非线性相关；其它因子，如：立竹所处的坡位、坡向，竹林密度，钩梢强度，立竹分布状况，植株个体表面结构特征等，亦直接或间接地影响着竹秆流的产生和大小。     

森林资源管理信息系统开发中数据录入问题的探讨

数据录入在森林资源管理信息系统中是非常重要的，有很多因素影响了数据录入的效率。本文针对影响数据录入效率的几个方面的因素进行了探讨并提出了其解决办法。     

郑州市常见园林植物净碳汇及其经济价值

为了研究郑州市不同种类园林植物的净碳汇及其经济价值,选择了具有代表性的13种乔木树种,8种灌木树种,5种草本植物,调查计算了这些植物的碳投入量,测定了这些植物的净生产力和碳含量,计算其净碳汇,用碳税法计算不同植物种类固碳价值。结果表明,乔木树种净碳汇的价值由大到小的顺序为:法桐、银杏、国槐、雪松、旱柳、女贞、广玉兰、黄山栾、白蜡、垂柳、龙柏、侧柏、紫叶李;灌木树种净碳汇的价值由大到小的顺序为:红叶石楠、小叶女贞、法青、黄杨、千头柏、月季、紫叶小檗、紫薇;草本植物净碳汇的价值由大到小的顺序为:菊花、鸢尾、葱兰、麦冬、早熟禾;不同类型园林植物的净碳汇的价值,乔木树种最大,其后依次为灌木树种、草本植物。建议在园林绿化中选择净碳汇较高的园林植物,减少园林绿地管理中农药与肥料的使用量,降低其碳投入,不断提高园林绿地空气净化功能。     

A stochastic frontier analysis of technical progress, efficiency change and productivity growth in the Pacific Northwest sawmill industry

Stochastic frontier analysis was employed to investigate technical efficiency and productivity growth in the sawmilling industry of the U.S. Pacific Northwest over the period 1968–2002. The results of our analysis indicate that productivity growth was strong over the 30-year study period, due almost exclusively to technical progress. The model developed in this analysis was used to examine the cause of employment declines in the sawmilling industry between 1988 and 1994. We found that that 62% of the decline was due to changes in output and non-labor input factors and 38% was due to technical change alone.     

Fuel consumption as indicator of the economics in mechanization

After a brief discussion of production functions as models for input/output relations in forest work operations, studies of the cost of machine use are reviewed. It is suggested that the fuel consumption of a forest machine can be used as a parameter for assessing the true, total cost of using a machine, exclusively the wage of the operator. Fuel then is not only an input but also represents all other cost items such as capital (depreciation, interest), repairs and maintenance. This has the advantage that all machines in a system can be aggregated and their costs assessed by an easily quantified parameter. Capital (in the form of machines) in production functions, through which the optimum mix of labour and machines for minimizing the cost per unit of production is determined, can be substituted by fuel. It is also suggested that fuel consumption can be used in management as an aggregate indicator in planning, control, remuneration of work and forecasting.     

农机化投入影响因素的研究

全国农业生产机械化水平的提高产生了深远的社会、经济效益。本文从历史背景出发，深入分析了影响农机化投入的各个因素．从而为提高我国农机化水平及其投入提出了具有建设性的建议。     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

中国和日本农业活动对流域氮素收支的影响

To analyze the effect of agricultural activity on nitrogen(N) budget at the watershed scale,a comparative study was conducted at two Japanese watersheds,the Shibetsu River watershed(SRW) and Upper-Naka River watershed(UNRW),and one Chinese watershed,the Jurong Reservoir watershed(JRW).The total area and the proportion of agricultural area(in parentheses) of the watersheds were 685(51%),1 299(21%),and 46 km 2(55%) for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The main agricultural land use in SRW was forage grassland,while paddy fields occupied the highest proportion of cropland in UNRW(11% of total area) and JRW(31% of total area).The farmland surplus N was 61,48,and 205 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The total input and output for the whole watershed were 89 and 76,83 and 61,and 353 and 176 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The proportion of discharged N to net anthropogenic N input was 31%,37%,and 1.7% for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The two watersheds in Japan showed similar proportions of discharged N to those of previous reports,while the watershed in China(JRW) showed a totally different characteristic compared to previous studies.The high N input in JRW did not increase the amount of discharged N at the outlet of the watershed due to high proportions of paddy fields and water bodies,which was an underestimated N sink at the landscape scale.     

河西农田养分投入产出平衡的长期定位研究

通过长期定位试验和作物养分含量分析,确定了河西地区小麦、玉米生产上测土配方施肥的可靠养分吸收参数,系统研究了河西灌区农田主要养分投入产出状况.连续24 a研究结果表明,长期连施化肥(NP,NPK)土壤氮素投入产出盈余率前期(1982-1990年)为8.6%～19.1%,最高时期(1997-2005年)的表观盈余率平均为29.0%～48.5%,扣除氮素损失后为负平衡;磷素化肥投产始终为正平衡,平均盈余率为57.4%～68.3%.钾素化肥投入不抵作物携带量,投产为负平衡.平均盈余率为-58.7%.说明连施化肥氮、钾养分投入不足.有机肥与化学肥料长期配合平衡施用(MNP,MNPK),氮素平均盈余率56.3%～61.5%,扣除氮素损失后为正平衡,盈余率平均为9.4%～10.9%;磷素投产为正平衡,平均盈余率高达249.9%～265.7%;钾素投产为负平衡,平均亏缺19.9%.有机肥连施钾素亏缺45.0%.增施化学钾肥,适量减少化学磷肥,保持氮素化肥投入水平,配施有机肥是科学的平衡施肥技术.