Interspecific Oryza Sativa L. X O. Glaberrima Steud. progenies in upland rice improvement

Fertile interspecific progenies between Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud. were produced through backcrossing and doubled haploid breeding (DHB). Backcrossing with the O. sativa parents increased fertility and helped combine the O. sativa and O. glaberrima features. The use of DHB to generate a large proportion of doubled haploids from interspecific F₂ hybrids, helped overcome constraints associated with the conventional breeding of these species, such as: (1) slow fixation of the lines, (2) frequent partial sterility of the progenies and (3) low recovery of useful recombinants. Although true interspecific progenies between O. sativa and O. glaberrima were generally rare, their occurrence in some populations was as high as 30%. Some progenies combined the high yield potential of O. sativa, a result of high spikelet number caused by secondary branches on the panicle, with useful traits of O. glaberrima such as rapid leaf canopy establishment and high N responsiveness. The progenies partly inherited the O. glaberrima parents' high specific leaf area (SLA) during early growth, theoretically improving competitiveness with weeds, and from the O. sativa parents the rapid decrease in SLA towards the reproductive stage, theoretically allowing for high leaf photosynthetic rates and high grain yield. Research is in progress to develop new interspecific plant type concepts for resource poor, weed prone upland rice environments in West Africa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环境成本与生产投入的动力学分析

运用非线性理论研究企业环境成本与生产投入之间的动力学关系,预测环境成本与生产投入的发展趋势。     

陆海统筹基础设施建设对区域经济影响实证分析——以舟山群岛新区为例

发展海洋经济,建设海洋强国必须坚持陆海统筹发展,国家在规划和引导陆海统筹发展的重要手段就是加强陆海统筹基础设施建设.由于基础设施建设投资额较大,其对地区经济产生的影响已成为人们关注的热点问题之一.该研究以舟山群岛新区为例,在分析舟山群岛新区陆海统筹基础设施建设的背景和建设的内容基础上,运用投入产出模型分析舟山群岛新区陆海统筹基础设施建设对浙江省经济增长、行业部门和三大产业的影响.结果表明,舟山群岛新区陆海统筹基础设施建设对浙江省各部门经济总产出的影响较大,行业部门影响较集中,第二产业影响最明显,对浙江省经济发展具有促进作用.     

IMPROVING NITROGEN SAFETY IN CHINA: NITROGEN FLOWS,POLLUTION AND CONTROL

● It is necessary to address the N flows and their impacts on environment in China for sustainable N management. ● Barriers include better understanding of N cycle mechanisms and improving low cost abatement technologies are needed to overcome. ● Integrated measures and policies are crucial for the abatement of adverse impacts of N. The impacts of nitrogen on environmental quality, greenhouse gas balances, ecosystem and biodiversity in China are of great concern given the magnitude of demand for food and energy. Comprehensive summaries of historic N flows and their critical threats and sustainable management are urgently needed. This paper initially reviews the historical trends of N flows in China and identifies the critical threats of N loss. Subsequently, it describes some recent success stories of N management, and finally indicates barriers to N pollution control. This review highlights three key points. Firstly, a steady increase of N input in China has led to a series of environmental problems via leaching and runoff, ammonia emissions and denitrification. Secondly, although great efforts to improve N management and N safety in China, further quantifications of N flows and analysis of their underlying mechanisms are needed to improve the understanding of the N cycle and pollution control. Finally, it proposes that the best available technologies combined with regulatory plans, laws, projects and policies should be implemented to overcome current barriers in N control and achieve a balance between the sustainable use of N resources and environmental conservation in China.     

“2006～2010”我国茶叶研究机构科技投入与产出效率分析

文章采用DEA方法对"2006～2010"我国10所省级以上茶叶研究机构的科技投入与产出效率作了分析,结果表明,整体茶叶科技投入与产出效率水平较好,但未达到100%有效的最优状态。其中9个研究所的资源配置水平及规模大小处于较好状态,1个研究所纯技术效率无效,且处于规模递减阶段,需要加强科研管理,提高投入资源的使用及配置效率,以增加产出来提高效率。同时比较了投入与产出的相关性。结果表明,经费投入、人员投入与各项产出均呈极显著正相关,人均经费投入与产出相关性不显著。     

Food inputs, water quality and nutrient accumulation in integrated pond systems: A multivariate approach

A participatory on-farm study was conducted to explore the effects of food input patterns on water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation in ponds, and to identify different types of integrated pond systems. Ten integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) farms, in which ponds associate with fruit orchards, livestock and rice fields were monitored in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. Pond mass balances for nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC) and phosphorus (P) were determined, and pond water quality and sediment nutrient accumulation were monitored. Data were analyzed using multivariate canonical correlation analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The main variability in pond water quality and sediment nutrients was related with food inputs and water exchange rates. Water exchange rate, agro-ecological factors, pond physical properties and human waste input were major variables used to classify ponds. Classification was into: (1) low water exchange rate ponds in the fruit-dominated area, (2) low water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated area receiving homemade feed, and (3) high water exchange rate ponds in the rice-dominated areas receiving wastes. Pond water exchange rate was human-controlled and a function of food input patterns, which were determined by livelihood strategies of IAA-households. In the rice-dominated area with deep ponds, higher livestock and human wastes were found together with high water exchange rates. In these ponds, large organic matter loads reduced dissolved oxygen and increased total phosphorus concentrations in the water and increased nutrient (N, OC and P) accumulation in the sediments. In the rice-dominated area with wide ponds, higher homemade feed amounts were added to the ponds with low water exchange rate. This resulted in high phytoplankton biomass and high primary productivity. The contrary occurred in the fruit-dominated area, where fish were grown in shallow and narrow ponds, receiving more plant residue which resulted in lower phytoplankton biomass and lower sediment nutrient accumulation.     

Variability in European Maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) Landraces under High and Low Nitrogen Inputs

An European maize (Zea mays L.) landrace core collection (EMLCC) was formed with samples from several countries. Evaluation of the EMLCC may contribute to broad the genetic base of maize breeding programs. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of EMLCC under low nitrogen (N) in relation to high N input. Eighty-five landraces of the EMLCC, grouped in four maturity groups, and three check hybrids were evaluated for response to low (0 kg ha⁻¹) and high (150 kg ha⁻¹) N in Spain and Greece. Five plant size traits (plant height, ear height, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area index), two grain traits (1000-kernel weight and grain yield), and two agronomic traits [growing degree units (GDU) and lodging] were studied. Overall means of plant size and grain traits increased when genotypes were grown at 150-N relative to 0-N input. The relative increase for grain traits was smaller in landraces than in hybrids. This suggests that landraces had lower grain yield response to N supply compared to hybrids. Linear regressions of plant size traits on GDU indicated that vegetative development was primarily associated with flowering lateness. The maturity group was the main source of variation for all traits. Landrace variability within maturity groups was significant for all traits across environments, despite significant landrace × environment interactions. Estimates of genetic and genotype × environment variances, and heritabilities at both high and low N inputs were not significantly different from each other. However estimates were generally larger at high N. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients between the two N levels were very high for all traits.     

沛县蔬菜生态系统能值分析

能值分析理论是基于“任何形式的能量都来源于太阳”这一前提, 因此可将不同种类、不可比较的能量转换为同一标准, 即太阳能焦耳来进行比较。本研究应用生态系统能值分析理论与方法, 以江苏省蔬菜主产区之一的沛县为例, 采用一系列能值指标, 定量分析了该县蔬菜生态系统的环境资源基础和经济特征, 为合理开发沛县蔬菜资源, 实现沛县蔬菜可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 2007 年沛县蔬菜生态系统能值投入为1.22×10²¹ sej, 其中工业辅助能为7.18×10²⁰ sej, 占58.85%, 说明沛县蔬菜产业发展主要依靠工业辅助能,已走出传统农业靠自然条件发展的阶段。沛县蔬菜生态系统能值产出为3.20×1021 sej, 占农业总产出能值的39.65%, 说明蔬菜产业已成为沛县农业的重要支柱产业之一;其中, 茄果类和根茎类蔬菜能值产出较高, 分别占蔬菜能值产出的35.63%和23.63%, 而特种创汇蔬菜牛蒡和山药为蔬菜能值总产出的18.61%。沛县蔬菜生态系统能值自给率为2.67%, 低于江苏省耕地生态系统(10.12%), 说明环境资源已不是蔬菜发展的主要决定因素, 沛县蔬菜生态系统抵抗自然灾害的能力较强; 沛县蔬菜生态系统的工业辅助能值比率为58.85%, 低于江苏省耕地生态系统工业辅助能比率(73.16%); 沛县蔬菜生产的化肥使用量较高, 占工业辅助能的69.42%, 不利于蔬菜产业的可持续发展; 不过沛县生态系统的有机辅助能比率为38.61%, 高于江苏省耕地生态系统有机辅助能比率(16.72%); 沛县蔬菜生态系统的购买能值比率为97.54%, 高于江苏省耕地生态系统购买能值比率(89.88%), 表明沛县蔬菜产业发展几乎完全依赖于来自社会经济系统的购买能值, 而较高的购买能值促进了沛县蔬菜产业的迅速发展;沛县蔬菜生态系统的能值投入率为36.61, 高于江苏省耕地生态系统能值投入率(8.88), 说明沛县蔬菜产业发展迅速; 但净能值产出率仅略高于江苏省耕地生态系统净能值产出率, 可能由于能值产出较高的先进技术推广不够; 沛县蔬菜生态系统环境负荷率为1.43, 低于江苏省耕地生态系统环境负荷率(2.83), 且农药能值投入仅占0.21%, 说明沛县蔬菜产业有较强的可持续发展能力和较大的发展潜力。为促进沛县蔬菜产业综合效益的提高和可持续发展, 应进一步加强蔬菜产业基础设施及蔬菜产品加工业的建设,加大蔬菜产业的科学技术推广力度, 增强沛县蔬菜生态经济系统的产出能力。     

基于英语口语支架式教学法的探讨

语言的输入与输出问题是第二语言习得研究的一个关键领域。本文实证探讨建构主义学习理论对口语教学的启示以及支架式教学模式在口语教学中的具体应用。     

The Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Seeding Rates on the Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions

Dry matter production of two different spelt (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and wheat varieties (Arina, Iena) were investigated at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200 grains/m²; S2 = 400 grains/m²) and two nitrogen levels (N1 = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha). The plot experiments were carried out at two contrasting locations (Muri: altitude 459 m asl); Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl) over three years (1988–1990). In addition nitrogen uptake and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was measured. Neither growth regulators nor fungicides were applied. The average grain yield of spelt was 25 % lower than that of wheat (32 % at Muri, 18 % at Oberwallestalden). At the reduced seeding rate (S1) grain weight and grain number per ear was increased by 33 % and 31 %, respectively as compared to the normal seeding rate (S2). The increase of the grain weight and the grain number per ear was larger for the two varieties of spelt (47 % and 42 %, respectively) than for the wheat varieties (23 % and 22 %, respectively). The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf of spelt and wheat was not significantly different, at the two growth stages measured (anthesis, anthesis + 23 days). Nitrogen yield in the above ground biomass (g N/m²) was not significantly different between spelt and wheat, neither at the beginning of stem elongation, nor at anthesis. At anthesis the nitrogen yield at the reduced nitrogen level (N1) was 16 % and 13 % lower than at the higher level (N2) for spelt and wheat respectively. A higher nitrogen efficiency of spelt under low input conditions was not apparent. Therefore it was concluded that under low input conditions, spelt is not more efficient in dry matter production than wheat. By comparing the “husked” yield of spelt (grains + glumes; representing the trade form) with the grain yield of wheat, spelt is higher yielding than wheat but only at marginal areas of cereal production.