植物根际非病原细菌介导的系统诱导抗病性

根非病原细菌可诱使植物产生诱导系统抗病性（ＩＳＲ）。在拟献芥、菜豆、康乃馨、黄瓜、萝卜、烟草和番茄等植物上,已发现根际非病原细菌与病原菌隔离条件下诱导了对真菌、细菌、病毒的系统抗病性。诱导菌株在不同植物品种上表现不同的诱导活性。诱导ＩＳＲ表达的因子包括脂多糖、嗜铁因子和水杨酸。根际非病原细菌诱导ＩＳＲ的途径有所不同,一些根际细菌通过水杨酸途径,,而其它根际细菌则通过茉莉酮酸－乙烯途径诱ＩＳＲ的表达     

小麦抗赤霉病突变体的选育及RAPD分子验证

利用辐射诱变,组织培养和细胞筛选相结合的方法选育出了抗赤霉病突变体９２ｋ８０９该突变体不仅抗赤霉病能力强,且抗性稳定,同时具有优良的农艺性状,比原亲本增产４．９％,经ＲＡＰＤ技术检测,所用的１２８个引物中有１个引物（ＯＰＹ１５）在抗病变体９２ｋ８０９和赤霉病抗原苏麦３号中得到了相同的扩增产物,初步认为该片段与赤霉病的抗性有关。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导小麦抗条锈病的研究

 本文探讨了不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对小麦抗病性的诱导作用,同时电镜观察了不同浓度MeJA对小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici)与寄主细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,2.00 mmol·L^-1 MeJA对小麦条锈病的诱导抗性效果最好,可达到35.87%,而0.50 mmol·L^-1 MeJA在小麦条锈菌夏孢子开始萌发4 h时呈显著抑制作用。经外源MeJA处理后,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器的发育明显受到抑制,其中侵染位点的叶肉细胞呈抗性症状。因此,MeJA可使小麦幼苗产生诱导抗性从而提高其抗病性。     

Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N₂O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N₂O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha^?1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N₂O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N₂O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha^?1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha^?1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha^?1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N₂O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N₂O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N₂O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.     

短小芽孢杆菌EN16诱导番茄对细菌性青枯病的抗性

采用盆栽试验法研究了短小芽孢杆菌EN16对番茄青枯病的诱导抗病效应.结果表明,菌株EN16诱导番茄产生对青枯病的防病效果达到49.45%-68.89%;分别在挑战接种间隔期为7-10 d、菌株灌根接种2种处理条件下,菌株EN16表现出较好的诱导抗病效果.测定EN16处理对番茄叶片中几种防御酶的影响,结果显示,在病菌挑战接种前后菌株EN16处理均能引起过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等防御酶活性的显著增强.     

木霉对植物的促生及诱导抗性研究进展

木霉不仅能够直接抑制植物病原菌的生长,还可通过定殖于植物的根部引起植物新陈代谢的改变。本文综述了木霉在植物根部定殖后,通过产生植物生长调节剂、抑制或降解根际有害物质、增加养分利用率以促进植物生长以及通过产生激发子诱导植物形成胞壁沉积物、合成抗菌物质以诱导植物局部或系统抗性的研究进展,以期为进一步扩大木霉在农业生产中的应用提供参考。     

托拉斯假单胞杆菌弱毒菌株诱导平菇抗细菌性褐斑病的研究

为了明确平菇细菌性褐斑病病原菌托拉斯假单胞杆菌（Pseudomonas tolaasii）弱毒菌株JPG250303的诱导抗病作用、弱致病性及诱导抗病作用的遗传稳定性,通过对其诱导抗病性表达、诱导接种浓度及诱导间隔期的研究,明确该弱毒菌株具有较好的诱导抗病效果。利用形态学及分子生物学技术,鉴定出该弱毒菌株为托拉斯假单胞杆菌（P. tolaasii）,将弱毒菌株经平菇子实体连续5代培养后均具有弱致病性,说明其弱致病性可以稳定遗传;同时对5代菌株分别进行了诱导抗病活性的验证,5代菌株对平菇细菌性褐斑病诱导抗病效果分别为67.2%、66.3%、69.1%、68.6%和65.0%,说明该弱毒菌株诱导抗病活性也具有稳定性,这一研究为该弱毒菌株作为生防菌株防治平菇细菌性褐斑病的应用提供了理论基础。     

Steroidogenesis during induced oocyte maturation and ovulation in the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus

Changes in ovarian steroidogenesis accompanying oocyte maturation and ovulation were studied in the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus. Laboratory-reared females with postvitellogenic ovaries were treated with pimozide and LHRH-analogue. The plasma gonadotropin levels were determined by means of a homologous radioimmunoassay, the condition of the ovaries was studied by histological examination of the follicles, and the steroidogenetic capacity of the ovaries was analyzed byin vitro incubation of tissue fragments for 3 h with [³H]-pregnenolone and [³H]androstenedione as precursors. Data were collected at regular intervals between 0 and 16 h after pimozide-LHRH analogue administration.Until 4 h after the beginning of the experiments the plasma gonadotropin levels did not rise above 25 ng/ml, the ovaries remained in the stage of postvitellogenesis, and testosterone was the main end product of steroidogenesis. Four hours later the gonadotropin concentration in the blood had risen to more than 150 ng/ml, and the ovaries had entered the stage of germinal vesicle migration. At the same time steroidogenesis shifted towards the production of 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 5-pregnane-3, 17-diol-20-one, 5-pregnane-3,6,17-triol-20-one, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol and 5-pregnane-3,6,17,20-tetrol. During the subsequent stage of germinal vesicle breakdown the plasma gonadotropin level remained high, and the synthesis of the C₂₁-steroids showed a further increase. Simultaneously, the production of some C₁₉-steroid glucuronides was enhanced. The preovulation and especially the postovulation stages were accompanied by a gradual decrease in steroidogenic capacity of the ovaries, even though the plasma gonadotropin level remained high. It is concluded that the prematuration surge of gonadotropin influences the activity of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, leading to a reduced C_17,20-lyase and to an augmented activity of the enzymes 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 5-reductase, 3-HSD, 6-hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. During ovulation the activity of all steroidogenic enzymes, including such key enzymes as 3-HSD and 17-hydroxylase, gradually decreases.Not only 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, but also the 5-reduced pregnanes may be involved in inducing oocyte maturation and/or ovulation. The very polar triol and tetrol products may function, together with the steroid glucuronides as sex pheromones.A preliminary account of these results was presented at the XIII Conference of European Comparative Endocrinologists, Belgrade, September 7–12, 1986     

The immune response to anesthesia: Part 1

ObjectiveTo review the immune response to anesthesia including mechanical ventilation, inhaled anesthetic gases, and injectable anesthetics and sedatives.Study designReview.Methods and databasesMultiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from spring 2012 through fall 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles.ConclusionRecent research data indicate that commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane, may have a protective effect on vital organs. With the lung as the target organ, protection using an appropriate anesthetic protocol may be possible during direct pulmonary insults, including mechanical ventilation, and during systemic disease processes, such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.