紫色土丘陵林农间种模式种间适应及作物种类选择试验

1997~1998年在试验区进行了林农间适应及作物种类选择试验,结果如下;适度的林木郁闭对作物生长有利,郁闭度为0.35时,其生物产量和经济产量均优于0.125;郁闭度为0.67以上,不宜进行间种。适宜于试区土地条件的冬春作物有满园花、油菜;夏季作物有西瓜、甘薯、凉茹、辣椒、大豆、花生、豌豆等,但从防侵蚀角度考虑,甘薯、凉茹等收获地下块根的作物不宜选用。     

The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading

Nitrate () leaching can cause elevated concentrations of ‐N in water, which can have adverse impacts on water quality and human health. In grazed pasture systems, most of the ‐N leaching occurs beneath animal urine‐N deposits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four different pasture species compositions [perennial ryegrass/white clover (P. ryegrass WC), tall fescue/white clover (T. fescue WC), Italian ryegrass/white clover (It. ryegrass WC) and perennial ryegrass/Italian ryegrass/white clover/red clover/chicory/plantain (Diverse)] on ‐N leaching losses from animal urine patches, and to examine the relative importance of root system architecture and seasonal activity to reduce ‐N leaching losses. The results show that ‐N leaching losses were 24–54% lower beneath It. ryegrass WC than other pasture species. Total dry matter (DM) yield in the season following establishment was 11–58% greater in the It. ryegrass WC pasture, while average winter daily N uptake rate of It. ryegrass WC over the two seasons was on average 58% greater than P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC. In the second season, the P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC pastures had up to 140 and 82% more roots between 0 and 40 cm depth, respectively, than the other pasture species compositions. These results suggest that in grazed pasture systems, high plant winter activity (plant growth/root metabolic activity) is more important than specific root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to reduce ‐N leaching losses.     

青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面剪切特性

[目的]分析不同因素对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响,为深入探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木根系固土护坡机制提供理论依据。[方法]以区内优势灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,通过根—土界面直剪试验,分析根径级别为2.20±1.00～32.00±1.80 mm以及土体含水量、干密度和含盐量分别为6.00%～22.00%,1.20～1.60 g/cm³,0.59%～2.50%的条件下,各因素对柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响规律。[结果]在其他影响因素恒定的情况下,根径对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度无显著影响(p>0.05)。随着土体含水量由6.00%增大到22.00%,根—土界面黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,当土体含水量达到14.00%时黏聚力达到峰值6.74 kPa;根—土界面摩擦角由21.40°降低至15.75°,呈线性函数降低趋势;根—土界面抗剪强度呈线性函数降低趋势。随着土体干密度由1.20 g/cm³增长至1.60 g/cm³,根—土界面黏聚力由...     

滨海盐碱地不同造林树种林地土壤盐碱化特征

采用野外取样与室内分析测试相结合的方法,对不同林地土壤的全盐量、阴阳离子组成、总碱度、p H、电导率、碱化度等指标进行了系统研究。结果表明:对照空地与各林地土壤中均无CO32-存在,造林可明显改变土壤中Na+、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-等可溶性盐离子的含量,降低土壤全盐含量,造林地土壤阴离子由SO42-+Cl-为主演变为SO42-+HCO3-为主。土壤p H、碱化度和总碱度的变化趋势一致,不同造林地土壤碱化程度以紫穗槐林地最大,柽柳林地次之。土壤全盐含量(y)和电导率(x)间呈极显著线性正相关,故可用电导率计算含盐量进行研究区域的盐渍化程度分级。研究结果可为阐明滨海盐碱地的盐碱化过程、指导土壤改良提供参考。     

陇东黄土高原沟壑区各立地类型水保适生树种的确认

在黄委会西峰水保站关于陇东黄土高原沟壑区立地条件类型划分和拟定的适生树种基础上,针对这里干旱少雨的突出特点,本着乡土树种为主、引进树种为辅的原则,采取自采、自育、自造和以抗旱为中心的造林技术,在西峰水保站南小河沟试验场应用大断面法布设“地树对位”试验区,以相对成活率、相对保存率和相对生长率计算得到的适生值为主要依据,对陇东黄土高原沟壑区8种立地条件类型的适生树种分别进行了确认,共确认乔灌木树种16种。     

黄家二岔小流域不同树种蒸腾作用研究

在测定分析黄家二岔小流域内不同林种蒸腾强度日变化、季节变化特征的基础上,研究并建立了光照、气温、相对湿度、风速和地温等环境因子对蒸腾作用影响的回归模型。结果表明：该地区落叶松和刺板林生长季节的蒸腾耗水量是同期降雨量的１０７．９％～１１９．５％,土壤的降水输入量不能满足灌禾林地的蒸腾消耗,从而影响其正常生长。柠条、沙棘等灌木树种,其蒸腾耗水量占同期降雨量的６１．６６％～６６．１％,土壤的降水办入量能     

番茄果实采后贮藏过程中的颜色动力学模型及其应用

研究了番茄采后成熟过程中果皮颜色的变化规律，发现色泽角（H°）、色泽比（a/b）和明度等主要颜色参数的变化均符合一级动力学模型，并由实验确定了各颜色模型的动力学参数：参考变化速率常数（K_ref）和反应活化能（E_α）。在此基础上，设计了一个色泽角-时温预测器，能够预测和监控果实采后贮藏的品质变化。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and its wild relatives based on seed protein profiles

Total seed storage protein of 9 accessions of cultivated C. cajan and 10 wild Cajanus species was reported and compared by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A considerable variation was detected among the protein profiles of different accessions of C. cajan while those of wild species were very specific and distinctly different from each other. Relative similarities between various taxa were estimated by Jaccard's similarity index and cluster analysis was performed to produce a UPGMA dendrogram. The clustering of 10 wild species and C. cajan more or less agrees with their sectional classification and available data based on morphological characteristics, crossability, genome pairing in hybrids and nuclear RFLPs. The species closest to C. cajan is C. cajanifolia although the accessions of C. cajan also share some bands present in the profiles of C. scarabaeoides, C. goensis, C. lineatus, C. acutifolius and C. volubilis. This points towards polyphyletic origin of the cultigen which has been discussed in this paper.     

Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites

Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pH_{CaCl 2} 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pH_{CaCl 2} (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.     

Stable C and N isotope values of selected components of a tropical australian sugarcane ecosystem

The ¹³C and ¹⁵N values of sugarcane plant tissues, decomposing harvest residues, soil and the casts and body tissues of the earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus were determined. Little variation in ¹³C values was found between plant parts. The ¹³C values of the decomposing harvest residues declined and became more variable after 148 days of exposure in the field. In the decomposing residues, ¹³C values of the neutral detergent fibre fraction were similar to those of the whole tissues while those of the proximate lignin were more negative. The ¹⁵N values of the residues also declined over time after a short initial delay.P. corethrurus populations are more intimately associated with the roots of sugarcane than with the bulk soil. Tissue ¹³C values suggest that the earthworm diet is similar to or more enriched in¹³C than sugarcane tissues and is substantially more enriched than the soil C. Earthworm tissues have similar levels of¹⁵N enrichment to both the soil and plant tissues. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that this earthworm derives much of its assimilated C relatively directly from organic matter associated with the roots and decomposing harvest residues.