七彩神仙鱼BTN1A1基因克隆及其在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫下的表达分析

[目的]克隆七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)嗜乳脂蛋白1A1(Butyrophilin 1A1,BTN1A1)基因,分析其在病原刺激下的表达模式,为了解七彩神仙鱼BTN1A1基因功能提供依据.[方法]利用生物信息学对七彩神仙鱼2个BTN1A1基因(BTN1A1-1和BTNA41-2)进行结构和进化分析.根据前期获得的七彩神仙鱼皮肤转录组数据,选取BTN1A1-1和BTN1A1-2基因的CDS区设计引物进行克隆.采用qRT-PCR分析BTN1A1在各组织中的表达及嗜水气单胞菌刺激下的表达模式.[结果]BTN1A1-1和BTN1A1-2的ORF序列长度为894、1 275 bp,分别编码298、424个氨基酸.BTN1A1-1和BTN1A1-2蛋白均具有1个信号肽、1个Ig结构域、1个lg_like结构域和1个跨膜结构域的经典结构,BTN1A1-2还具有1个胞质结构域.七彩神仙鱼BTN1A1-1与慈鲷科其他鱼类相似性较高,与尼加拉瓜湖始丽鱼(Archocentrus centrarchus)BTNIAI对应氨基酸序列同源性最高、为94.14％.但BTN1A1-2与其他鱼类发生分离,形成独特分支.BTN1A1-1和BTN1A1-2在七彩神仙鱼各组织中均有表达,但在鳃、肠道、皮肤等与免疫相关的组织中表达量相对较高.七彩神仙鱼BTN1A1-1在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫后表达量先显著下降后上升,而BTN1A1-2表达量则先显著上升后下降.[结论]七彩神仙鱼BTN1A1-1基因相对保守,而BTN1A1-2基因在进化上较为特殊.二者在免疫刺激下的差异表达暗示其可能在七彩神仙鱼免疫防御中发生功能分化.     

我国鸡球虫抗药性现状和抗药机制研究进展

  目的  探明玉屏风加减煎剂对柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）感染德化黑鸡抗氧化、抗炎、免疫功能的影响及抗球虫效果。  方法  将120只45日龄德化黑鸡随机分为6组,分别是空白对照组（K组）、感染对照组（G组）、常山青蒿低剂量组（CQL组）、玉屏风加减低剂量组（YL组）、常山青蒿高剂量组（CQH组）、玉屏风加减高剂量组（YH组）,除空白对照组外,其余各组均感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫,24 h后开始连续7 d饮水给药,第8 d测定比较各组抗球虫指数、免疫功能、抗氧化能力等指标的差异。  结果  与感染对照组（G组）相比,中药处理组CQH、YH、CQL、YL的血便、盲肠病变症状依次减轻。除CQH组外,其他组盲肠病变计分、盲肠黏膜下淋巴细胞密度显著或极显著下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;除CQH组OPG显著下降（P＜0.05）外,其他3个中药组OPG下降极显著（P＜0.01）;YL组和YH组盲肠上皮细胞脱落计分极显著降低（P＜0.01）。与CQL、CQH组相比,YL、YH组MDA、盲肠病变计分、盲肠上皮细胞脱落计分和OPG下降极显著（P＜0.01）。与G组相比,4个中药组 IL-6、 IFN-γ、TNF-α、丙二醛（MDA）含量极显著降低（P＜0.01）,而 IL-2含量、 SIgA水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）极显著升高（P＜0.01）;YL组IL-2含量、 SIgA水平、GSH-Px活性、SOD活性、CAT活性极显著增高（P＜0.01）,YH组GSH-Px、 SOD活性极显著升高（P＜0.01）。与K组相比,G组、CQL组、YL组、CQH组、YH组的相对增重率分别是79.88%、103.49%、107.27%、95.05%、96.06%,抗球虫指数（anti-coccidial index, ACI）分别是96、165.5、177、133.5、162.5。  结论  玉屏风加减煎剂对人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫德化黑鸡具有更好抗炎、抗氧化、提高免疫功能的免疫调节作用,并相应具有更好的抗球虫效果,且以玉屏风加减低剂量组（YL）抗球虫效果最好。     

Floridoside Extracted from the Red Alga Mastocarpus stellatus Is a Potent Activator of the Classical Complement Pathway

Many biological properties of algae have been found to have useful applications in human health, particularly in the fields of oncology and immunology. Floridoside, extracted from the red alga Mastocarpus stellatus, has a structure similar to the xenoantigen Gal alpha 1–3 Gal. This xenoantigen has been described to induce a high immune response in human xenografts and is mediated by natural anti-gal antibodies that activate the classical complement pathway. Based on this property, we analyzed the potential activities of floridoside on the immune system. We demonstrated that floridoside activates a complement cascade via the classical complement pathway, through the recruitment and activation of natural IgM. This algal molecule could represent an important step in the development of a potent new anticomplementary agent for use in therapeutic complement depletion.     

乳品的营养成分及免疫调节功能

牛乳富含蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质等营养素,包括乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶和过氧化物酶等多种生物活性物质,可调节机体免疫功能,增强免疫力。乳源活性肽是源自乳蛋白的功能性肽段,具有免疫调节作用,近年成为国内外研究热点。发酵乳是酸性乳制品的统称,风味独特,易于吸收,并能调节肠道功能、增强机体免疫力。本文系统阐述牛乳中营养成分以及乳蛋白肽和发酵乳的免疫调节功能,加深对牛乳营养与功能认识。     

Influence of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Imuthiol) on lymphocyte function and growth in weanling pigs

Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and growth performance were evaluated in 3-week-old pigs treated with imuthiol. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A and PWM were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs treated with imuthiol at 25 mg/kg; PHA proliferative responses were not influenced by imuthiol treatment. Imuthiol at 2.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg lowered IL-2 production when compared to saline-treated controls. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to PHA were higher in 25 mg/kg imuthiol-treated pigs; however, 2.5 mg/kg imuthiol-treated pigs had lower DHT reactions. Imuthiol at 2.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg reduced (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake. These data suggest that in vivo imuthiol treatment in pigs lowers lymphocyte proliferative responses, IL-2 production, and growth performance.     

"胚宝"抗疲劳及免疫调节功能研究

以小鼠为实验动物,探讨了"胚宝"的抗疲劳和免疫调节功能。结果表明:"胚宝"高、中、低剂量组均可明显增强小鼠体力,延长小鼠负重游泳时间,与生理盐水组比差异显著。"胚宝"能明显提高小鼠廓清指数K值和校正廓清指数α,说明"胚宝"对网状内皮系统吞噬功能具有明显的激活和增强作用。     

Effects of Polyether Ionophores on the Protective Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens against Angara Disease and Newcastle Disease Viruses

Immunization against Angara disease virus (ADV), a serotype 4 avian adenovirus, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1, is the mainstay of a broiler vaccination programme, while polyether ionophores usually form an essential component of a broiler medication programme in most parts of India and Pakistan. The role of polyether ionophores in the protective immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated and challenged with ADV and NDV was investigated. A total of 1600 birds were divided into eight groups of 200 birds each. First four groups were vaccinated against NDV and ADV, while the remaining four served as unvaccinated controls. The first 3 groups of birds were administered salinomycin, monensin and cyclophosphamide (CYP), respectively. The last group served as an untreated control. The same treatment schedule was also followed for the next four unvaccinated groups. The post-vaccination and post-challenge serological responses to NDV and ADV, body and lymphoid organ weight gains, post-challenge survival rate and detection of NDV and ADV in the tissues of infected birds were evaluated. Birds administered salinomycin showed a significant stimulation of protective immune responses against both NDV and ADV as compared to the untreated and CYP-treated birds. Monensin also enhanced the protective immune responses against both viruses but the effect was not statistically significant. Thus, it is concluded that monensin and salinomycin augment the anti-NDV and anti-ADV immune responses in broiler chickens, which supports their use in poultry flocks.     

Proteins and Carbohydrates from Red Seaweeds: Evidence for Beneficial Effects on Gut Function and Microbiota

Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain “cellulose binding domains”, phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and “dl-hybrid”) and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function.