Herbicide savings and economic benefits of several strategies to control Sorghum halepense in maize crops

This study was conducted to assess the herbicide savings and the cost efficiency of site-specific herbicide application strategies in comparison with other strategies based on uniform application of herbicides throughout the whole field. The specific situation considered was Sorghum halepense infested maize fields in Spain. The results from a theoretical economic model were contrasted with the information derived from a S. halepense survey conducted in 37 commercial maize fields distributed over three Spanish maize production areas. Seven application strategies were simulated: 1) no herbicide; 2) overall full-rate; 3) overall half-rate; 4) and 5) site-specific spraying infested cells with full- and half-rate, respectively; 6) and 7) site-specific spraying infested cells plus adjacent buffer areas with full- and half-rate, respectively. The simulation results showed that site-specific weed management was the most profitable strategy when S. halepense infested area ranged between 6.5 and 18.7%. This scenario was present in 22% of the surveyed fields. In fields with less than 6.5% infestation (a situation present in 51% of the surveyed fields), yield losses were slight and the most profitable strategy was using no herbicide. When the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8% (19% of the surveyed fields), no significant differences were observed between the net benefits of the various strategies. Full rate herbicide applications throughout the entire field resulted in the highest net returns in fields with more than 40.8% weed infestation (8% of the surveyed fields). In these cases, the added costs of weed detection, mapping and site-specific herbicide application were not justified by the herbicide savings obtained. Likewise, herbicide savings obtained with the various strategies depended on the proportion of the field infested. Considering the high difference between site-specific treatments and uniform application of herbicides when the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8%, and that no significant differences in net returns were observed in this range, site-specific treatments should be preferred. Adding a buffer area to the site-specific treatments does not seem a suitable strategy due to the considerable increases in costs and reductions in herbicide savings.     

抑菌圈-定殖力双重测定法筛选青枯病生防细菌

 本研究首先用平皿抑菌圈法筛选出55个拮抗青枯菌的细菌菌株,将番茄幼苗在各菌菌悬液中浸根12h后栽种于温室未灭菌的土壤中,结果发现,有22个菌株在幼苗根部的定殖能力较强(终定殖密度大于104 cfu/g根),其中革兰氏阴性土壤细菌占同类菌的86.3%,革兰氏阳性土壤细菌占同类菌的13.0%,10个无致病力产细菌素的青枯菌菌株在根部的终定殖密度均低于104 cfu/g根,其定殖能力弱于致病青枯菌。有17个拮抗菌菌株在番茄幼苗根部的定殖密度超过所有致病菌。温室生防结果证明,抑菌圈-定殖力双重测定法对于筛选生防菌株是一种行之有效的方法。     

Identification of functional corridors with movement characteristics of brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula,Alaska

We identified primary habitat and functional corridors across a landscape using Global Positioning System (GPS) collar locations of brown bears (Ursus arctos). After deriving density, speed, and angular deviation of movement, we classified landscape function for a group of animals with a cluster analysis. We described areas with high amounts of sinuous movement as primary habitat patches and areas with high amounts of very directional, fast movement as highly functional bear corridors. The time between bear locations and scale of analysis influenced the number and size of corridors identified. Bear locations should be collected at intervals ≤6 h to correctly identify travel corridors. Our corridor identification technique will help managers move beyond the theoretical discussion of corridors and linkage zones to active management of landscape features that will preserve connectivity.     

引入耕地生态价值的咸阳市基本农田划定

为了探索科学客观的基本农田划定方法,实现将集中连片和优质稳定的耕地划为基本农田的目标,有效保护耕地和保障国家农业生产安全。该研究以陕西省咸阳市为例,引入耕地生态价值和政策条件多维度评价耕地质量,结合耕地质量空间集聚类型划定耕地保护分区;采用缓冲区分析法识别耕地连片性,耦合耕地保护分区和耕地连片等级,尝试探索“连片优先、质量优良、数量约束”的基本农田划定流程。结果表明:1)咸阳市耕地质量划分为高、较高、一般、较低、低5个等级,全市超过一半面积的耕地质量等级为低和较低等级(35.81%和29.67%),一般和较高等级的耕地面积占比也均超过了10%;不同耕地质量等级在空间分布上的差异受地形和区域经济发展影响较大,耕地质量等级总体上呈现出“南高北低”的空间分布格局;咸阳市耕地质量在空间上呈现出明显的集聚特征,以高-高值集聚型和低-低值集聚型耕地为主;2)将全市耕地划为优先保护区、适宜保护区、重点整治区和全面治理区4个保护分区并提出一些保护建议。全面治理区内耕地面积最多,占全市耕地总面积的35.50%,适宜保护区内耕地面积最少,仅占11.81%;3)咸阳市共得到49 713个耕地连片地块,面积2...     

福州市古树名木资源的保护与利用

通过对福州市现有古树名木分析,总结了5大特点并结合多年的古树保护经验,探讨了福州市古树景观保护和利用问题。古树景观开发应在保护好古树的前提下进行。古树景观利用切忌异地移植,重点是解救散落于民居中或饱受围困的古树,通过改良环境和复壮,再造宜人景观。文章还涉及古树景观的设计原则、价值评测、指标体系和枯树景观利用以及物种竞争、开发与保护的矛盾等问题。     

太白山林木真菌病害的垂直分布

我们对秦岭主峰太白山的林木真菌病害的分布规律进行了多年的探讨,结果表明,太白山林木真菌病害可划分为四个垂直分布带。即低山、低中山阔叶林叶点霉病和白粉病分布带;中山、高中山阔叶林锈病和立木腐朽分布带;中高山针叶林散斑病分布带;高山灌丛漆斑病分布带。     

全球气候变暖对中国种植制度的可能影响XIV.东北大豆高产稳产区及农业气象灾害分析

【目的】大豆是主要的粮油兼用作物,东北三省是我国大豆主产区,研究气候变化背景下东北三省大豆气候生产潜力高产稳产性区域分布及其变化特征,明确不同区域限制大豆高产稳产性的主要农业气象灾害,可为东北三省大豆合理布局、防灾避灾以及高产稳产提供科学参考。【方法】以1981年为时间节点,将研究时段划分为1961—1980年（时段Ⅰ）和1981—2019年（时段Ⅱ）两个时段,利用调参验证后的DSSAT-CROPGRO-Soybean模型模拟研究区域大豆潜在种植区各站点气候生产潜力,明确气候变化背景下大豆气候生产潜力高产稳产性区域分布及其变化特征;结合大豆冷害和干旱指标,明确不同高产稳产性区域冷害和干旱的时空分布特征;结合统计方法,明确限制大豆高产性和稳产性的主要农业气象灾害因子。【结果】（1）与1961—1980年（时段Ⅰ）相比,1981—2019年（时段Ⅱ）大豆潜在种植区增加2.81×10⁶ hm²,占研究区域总土地面积的3.57%;（2）与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ稳产区面积占比减少,其中高产稳产区面积占潜在种植区内总土地面积的比例由17.67%减少到17.11%,高产不稳产区占比由13.54%增加到15.13%,低产稳产区占比由34.98%增加到38.17%,低产不稳产区占比由18.58%减小到18.49%;（3）研究时段内,大豆生长季冷害发生频次总体呈现先上升后下降趋势,高产稳产和高产不稳产区冷害特别是严重冷害发生频次高于低产稳产区以及低产不稳产区;大豆生长季轻旱和中旱发生频次增加,重旱发生频次减小;（4）大豆产量变化与冷害发生频次呈负相关关系,产量变异性的变化与冷害和干旱发生频次均呈正相关关系。【结论】气候变暖背景下,东北三省大豆潜在种植区呈北移西扩趋势,可种植面积增加;大豆高产不稳产和低产稳产面积增加,高产稳产区和低产不稳产区面积减少;不同高产稳产性区域内主要农业气象灾害不同,低产区较高产区总体低温冷害发生频次高,不稳产区较稳产区干旱发生频次高。但在高产稳产性变化区域,冷害发生频次下降,干旱发生频次上升。总体而言冷害是大豆高产性的主要限制因子,冷害和干旱是大豆产量不稳定的主要限制因子。     

人类活动对河岸带植被氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响——以汾河临汾段为例

[目的]探究自然河岸带和强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷生态化学计量的变化规律,为该区域的河岸带修复和环境保护提供科学依据.[方法]利用相关分析和偏冗余分析等方法,以汾河临汾段典型河岸带为例,探讨自然河岸带及强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷含量的时空分布特性及其影响因素.[结果]河岸带植被总氮(TN),总磷(T...     

Marine spatial plans focusing on biodiversity conservation: The case of the Aegean Sea

1. The expansion and intensification of marine uses have severe cumulative impacts on marine ecosystems and human well-being, unless they are properly managed with an ecosystem-based management approach.
2. A systematic conservation planning approach, using marxan with zones , was applied to generate alternative marine spatial plans for the Aegean Sea. Relevant human uses were included and their cumulative impact on a wide set of key biodiversity features was considered in the analysis. Different cost scenarios were developed to gain insight on the effects of the approaches used to assess socio-economic factors, and their potential impact on spatial plans.
3. The spatial plans generated differed greatly depending on the method used to estimate opportunity costs and evaluate human activities in monetary terms.
4. The vulnerability weights (the relative vulnerability of ecological features to specific human activities and their impacts) that were estimated based on a cumulative impact assessment, allowed the assessment of each zone in contributing to the achievement of conservation targets, through a transparent planning approach.
5. Results indicate that special care should be given to how socio-economic activities, their impact on the ecosystems, and related costs are incorporated into planning.
6. The proposed approach demonstrates how EU member states may effectively comply with the new Biodiversity Strategy 2030 targets, while planning for the sustainable use of their marine resources.

     

苏北典型滩涂区土壤盐分动态与水平衡要素之间的关系

为获知苏北滩涂区土壤水盐动态行为,从而为后续的节水灌溉和滩涂区农田水管理策略提供理论依据,该文选取典型滩涂区,进行土壤水、盐和地下水埋深的长期连续监测,并根据大丰市气象站提供的降水、地表蒸散数据,对土壤盐分变化和水平衡要素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明：土壤表层盐分最高,波动最为剧烈,随深度不断增加,盐分逐渐降低,且波动趋缓。试验区夏季降水丰富,蒸散量相对较低,土壤含水率高,地下水埋深浅;冬季降水少,蒸散量较高,土壤含水率下降,地下水埋深较深。地下水埋深和水补充量是0～40 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子;地下水埋深和蒸散量是60～80 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子。地下水盐分是土壤盐分累积的主要来源,降水脱盐作用仅对0～40 cm表土作用显著,蒸发积盐作用则在整个土壤剖面上具有影响。该研究为消减苏北滩涂区土壤盐渍化灾害提供了科学依据,对指导农业生产具有重要意义。