长江口崇明东滩夏秋季仔稚鱼的空间分布

2018年6月(夏)和9月(秋),对长江口崇明东滩水域的14个站位点的表层,运用大型浮游生物网(口径1.3 m,网目0.5 mm)水平船拖10 min采集仔稚鱼,实时采集水柱环境参数包括温度(SST)、盐度(SSS)、浊度(TUR)、深度(DEP)和叶绿素a(SSC),探讨该水域仔稚鱼的分布和多样性的变化特征。结果显示,28网次共采集到仔稚鱼10 925尾。其中淡水型鱼类22种(42%),河口型(半咸水)鱼类19种(37%),沿岸型鱼类7种(13%)和近海型鱼类4种(8%)。鲤科为14种(27%);虾虎鱼科12种(23%);鳀科及银鱼科均为5种(10%)。以大于5%为优势种,凤鲚占总渔获量的21.51%、刀鲚(18.11%)、贝氏?(16.34%)、银飘鱼(10.82%)和斑尾刺虾虎鱼(9.38%)。在采集的所有仔稚鱼中,前弯曲期仔鱼数量最多,约占总数量的76.49%,弯曲期仔鱼11.94%,后弯曲期仔鱼8.01%,稚鱼3.43%,卵黄囊仔鱼仅出现在6月,占总渔获量的0.13%。前弯曲期仔鱼与弯曲期仔鱼的密度随着季节的更替呈下降趋势,后弯曲期仔鱼密度呈上升趋势。夏季仔稚鱼的物种数、个体总数及密度都比秋季多。研究表明,长江口崇明东滩鱼类可以分为两支,淡水种生态群落和半咸水生态群落。     

早繁鮸鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在盐度29、水温23~25℃的条件下,进行了早繁鮸鱼仔鱼饥饿实验和不可逆点(PNR)的确定;观察了饥饿条件下早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼0、6、9、12、15和18日龄的存活、生长、卵黄囊与油球利用和游泳行为的变化。结果表明:早繁鮸鱼仔鱼从初次摄食到PNR期为4.5~5 d,这个耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后的第7天。在饥饿的条件下初孵仔鱼、6、9、12、15和18日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为10.5 d、5 d、2.5 d、3 d、4 d和5 d;半数死亡时间分别为8.5 d、3 d、1 d、1.5 d、2 d和3.5 d。说明9~15日龄是早繁鮸鱼早期发育中最为敏感的阶段。饥饿会延缓初孵仔鱼对油球的利用。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼的生长与正常条件下仔鱼差异显著(P<0.05)。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。饥饿仔鱼行为变化表现为表层集群游动觅食,缓慢游动反应迟钝和外部形态变化并开始下沉水底。     

三种大型钵水母幼体对牙鲆和许氏平鲉仔稚鱼的捕食选择性

为探讨中国近海常见大型钵水母对鱼类资源补充的影响,本实验利用清除率法比较研究了伞径4 cm的3种大型水母幼体—海月水母(Aurelia aurita)、海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)和沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai),对不同发育阶段的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)仔稚鱼的捕食量。结果表明,3种水母均可捕食牙鲆和许氏平鲉仔稚鱼,其捕食率随仔稚鱼生长而降低,其中海月水母可捕食规格15 mm牙鲆和20 mm许氏平鲉,海蜇能够捕食规格20 mm牙鲆和30 mm许氏平鲉,沙海蜇可捕食30 mm许氏平鲉;仔稚鱼密度对水母捕食率影响不显著,牙鲆的变态和底栖生活是其逃避被水母捕食的有效手段;不同水母物种对仔稚鱼的捕食效率主要与其活力相关,水母结构和毒性也是重要因素,相同规格3种水母对仔稚鱼捕食率由高到低为海蜇沙海蜇海月水母。本研究结果可为阐明水母与鱼类的动态关系,研究海洋鱼类的自然资源补充机制提供参考。     

马氏珠母贝浮游幼虫不同阶段的选择效应

研究了在马氏珠母贝浮游幼虫期的选择效应,分别在担轮幼虫期和眼点幼虫期对幼虫进行了选育,以期通过在浮游幼虫期的选择来降低良种选育中的工作量和加快选育进程。试验结果表明,1)担轮幼虫早期上浮组比后期上浮组在D型幼虫孵化率上提高了5.1%,D型幼虫畸形率降低了10.1%;2)担轮幼虫早期上浮组在第17d的大小和成活率以及稚贝出池时的大小和育成率都显著地(P0.05)高于担轮幼虫后期上浮组;3)眼点幼虫早期附着组在稚贝出池时的大小和育成率上都显著地(P0.05)高于眼点幼虫后期附着组。研究结果表明对马氏珠母贝在幼虫浮游期的选择具有显著的效应(P0.05)。     

盐度对褐菖鲉仔鱼活力影响的研究

实验比较了5个盐度梯度(28、22、16、10、4)下褐菖鲉仔鱼在饥饿条件下的存活状况并测定其不投饵存活系数SAI。结果表明,褐菖鲉仔鱼最适的生存盐度范围在16~22之间,盐度过低或者过高均对褐菖鲉仔鱼的生存不利。     

脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

为研究脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响,本实验选用平均体质量为(1.67±0.01) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼480尾,随机分为4个处理组,分别投喂基础饲料(T0)和实验饲料[脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉分别替代鱼粉20%(T20)、40%(T40)和60%(T60)],每个处理组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,养殖8周。结果显示,随着DBSFLM替代量的增加,黄颡鱼生长呈先增加后降低的趋势;T20组的终末均重、增重率和特定生长率最高,且显著高于T60组;实验组T20和T60的摄食量显著高于对照组和T40组;实验组的腹脂指数、灰分和钙沉积率呈下降趋势,其中T60组的腹脂指数、T40和T60组的灰分和钙沉积率达到显著水平;与对照组T0相比,实验组的肥满度、脏体比、肝体比、肠体比和胃体比、蛋白质、脂肪和磷沉积率及黄颡鱼体蛋白、体脂肪和灰分均没有显著差异;血清胆固醇和甘油三脂显著降低,高密度/低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高,实验组T40的胃蛋白酶活性有增加趋势、肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著增加。研究表明,在本实验条件下,脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能和体组成含量,并可降低腹脂指数、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇含量及灰分、钙的沉积率,还可增加蛋白酶活性,以20%替代比例生长最佳,且优于对照组。     

日本鳗鲡仔鱼的开口饵料和行为特征

在连续多年日本鳗鲡人工繁殖实验的基础上,研究了不同饵料对日本鳗鲡仔鱼存活率的影响,并记录了仔鱼的运动特征和摄食行为。结果显示,与对照组(不投饵)相比,投喂以鲨鱼卵、磷虾提取液为基础的饵料和以鲨鱼卵、海蜇匀浆液为基础的饵料以及微绿球藻液均提高了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的存活率,仔鱼发育至柳叶鳗前期阶段;而投喂以鲨鱼卵、卤虫匀浆液为基础的饵料和以卤虫匀浆液、磷虾提取液为基础的饵料,以及轮虫、海带+龙须菜匀浆液或海蜇以及发酵鲨鱼肉,均降低日本鳗鲡仔鱼的存活率。实验同时还研究了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的主动摄食行为,摄食时仔鱼先用吻端反复多次触碰食物,然后张开下颌咬食,证实了日本鳗鲡早期仔鱼的摄食方式是触碰后咬食。     

The effects of dietary long‐chain essential fatty acids on growth and stress tolerance in pikeperch larvae (Sander lucioperca L.)

The nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae have been sparsely examined. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may affect growth and physiological stress response in marine fish larvae, but these mechanisms have not received as much attention in freshwater fish. Pikeperch larvae were reared on Artemia from day 3 until 21 days posthatch. Artemia were enriched with six formulated emulsions, with inclusion of either fish oil, pure olive oil (POO) or olive oil supplemented with various combinations of ARA, EPA and DHA. Larval tissue FA was significantly related to the content in the diets, but larval growth was similar for all treatments. When exposed to stress by confinement in small tanks with culture tank water or saline water (15 g L^?1.), mortality in larvae treated with POO was significantly higher than in the remaining treatments while tissue cortisol contents in these fish seemed lower. The findings of a lower stress response in larvae fed POO may be related to the lower tissue content in these larvae of essential fatty acids especially DHA but also EPA and ARA.     

Relative importance of gulf and shelf waters for spawning and recruitment of Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis, in South Australia

Gonosomatic indices and egg and larval densities observed from 1986 to 2001 suggest that the peak spawning season of the Australian anchovy (Engraulis australis) in South Australia occurs during January to March (summer and autumn). This coincides with the spawning season of sardine (Sardinops sagax) and the period when productivity in shelf waters is enhanced by upwelling. Anchovy eggs were abundant throughout gulf and shelf waters, but the highest densities occurred in the northern parts of Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent where sea surface temperatures (SST) were 24–26°C. In contrast, larvae >10 mm total length (TL) were found mainly in shelf waters near upwelling zones where SSTs were relatively low (<20°C) and levels of chlorophyll a (chl a) relatively high. Larvae >15 mm TL were collected only from shelf waters near upwelling zones. The high levels of larval abundance in the upwelling zones may reflect higher levels of recruitment to later stages in these areas compared with the gulfs. The sardine spawns mainly in shelf waters; few eggs and no larvae were collected from the northern gulfs. The abundance of anchovy eggs and larvae in shelf waters increased when sardine abundance was reduced by large‐scale mortality events, and decreased as the sardine numbers subsequently recovered. We hypothesize that the upwelling zones provide optimal conditions for the survival of larval anchovy in South Australia, but that anchovy can only utilize these zones effectively when the sardine population is low. At other times, northern gulf waters of South Australia may provide a refuge for the anchovy that the sardine cannot utilize.