南太平洋延绳钓长鳍金枪鱼生物学组成及其与栖息环境关系

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)经济价值高,是我国延绳钓渔业重要的目标鱼种。根据2013年9月~2014年1月和2014年4~8月我国金枪鱼观察员在南太平洋东部海域收集的长鳍金枪鱼样本和海洋环境数据,对其生物学组成和栖息环境进行了研究。结果表明:叉长(FL,cm)与体质量(WW,kg)的关系为:WW=3×10-5×FL2.909 9(雌雄性,R2=0.915 3);体长(TL,cm)与叉长(FL,cm)关系为:TL=1.033 6FL+2.555(R2=0.961 4);叉长(FL,cm)与两背鳍间距(LD1D2,cm)的关系为:LD1D2=0.248 5FL+1.238 1(R2=0.815 1);利用各水层长鳍金枪鱼渔获率(catch per unit effort,CPUE)推测其主要的栖息水层为150~270 m,栖息水层温度范围16~22℃,盐度范围35.0~35.6,其中最高资源丰度主要分布在190~230 m的水层,对应的温度为18~20℃,盐度为35.2~35.4。研究结果可为掌握南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息环境提供基础数据。     

斑马鱼报警反应产生发育阶段的研究

鱼类在遭受捕食后,受损的表皮会释放大量的化学信号物质,同种其它个体嗅到这些化学信号后会作出躲避反应,称为报警反应(alarm response),报警反应通常出现在一定的发育阶段。采用斑马鱼(Dinio rerio)同种碾碎提取物(处理组,质量浓度为10-6g·L-1)作为报警物质,并设3个对照组:罗非鱼碾碎提取物组、双蒸水组、空白对照组,通过暴露处理实验,检测沉底累积时间(time of bottom)、呆滞累积时间(time of freezing)两项指标,研究了28 dpf(days post fertilization,受精后天数)、35 dpf、42 dpf 3个不同发育时期幼鱼的报警反应。结果显示:28 dpf时,处理组与3个对照组相比,在沉底累积时间、呆滞累积时间两项指标上均无显著差异,这个时期处理组有2 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",其中1 ind出现"呆滞";35 dpf时,处理组与3个对照组相比,在沉底累积时间上有显著差异(P0.05),在呆滞累积时间上无显著差异,这个时期有5 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",其中1 ind出现"呆滞";42 dpf时,处理组与对照组相比,在沉底累积时间、呆滞累积时间两项指标均有显著差异(P0.05),这个时期有8 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",且8 ind全部出现"呆滞",与此对应的是这个时期大部分个体出现明显的报警反应。研究表明,斑马鱼报警反应产生的发育阶段为35~42 dfp之间,结合已知的野外斑马鱼生活史,推测斑马鱼在特定的阶段产生报警反应可能与栖息地的迁移有关。     

Movements by wild brown trout in a boreal river: response to habitat and flow contrasts

Abstract  Radio transmitters were implanted in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the River Måna at low summer water flows ( n  = 18), higher flow in summer ( n  =   20), and variable, peaking flows in autumn ( n  =   20), and tracked two to four times day and night for 4–5 weeks. Individuals were caught and released in a 4-km uniformly channelised section, and in a 4-km natural diverse river section. Substantial individual variation in home range and total movement (924–85 818 m² and 295–7014 m) suggested flexibility to adapt to local environmental conditions. Fish were stationary most of the time (median movement 0 m), but some individuals undertook few and apparently sporadic longer movements, sometimes involving shifts in home range. No consistent diurnal pattern in movements was found. Trout in the uniform habitat section appeared to have larger home ranges and moved more than trout in the natural section. Differences were, however, not statistically significant in most comparisons, due to large individual variation. Similarly, larger home ranges and movements between trials related to higher flow were found, but differences were generally not significant. No consistent effects of sudden, extreme peaking flows on area use or movements by the brown trout were observed.     

Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop-up archival satellite tags

Researchers have applied numerous techniques to improve billfish stock assessments, including habitat‐based models that incorporate behavioral and oceanographic parameters to standardize historical catch‐per‐unit‐effort time‐series data. These methods have allowed researchers to account for significant changes in the depths of pelagic longline (PLL) gear deployments over time. This study presents habitat‐use data recovered from high‐resolution 5‐ and 10‐day pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) attached to 47 surviving white marlin released from commercial and recreational fishing gears offshore of the U.S. East Coast, the northern Caribbean, and Venezuela between 2002 and 2004. Data recovered from transmitting tags indicated that white marlin spent nearly half of their time associated with warm, near‐surface waters (<10 m). All fish displayed frequent short duration (mean: 39.8 min) vertical excursions from surface waters to depths averaging 51 m. Qualitative and multivariate classifications of data from completely transmitted movements of surviving white marlin revealed two major types of descents: one pattern was characterized by deep ‘V’‐shaped excursions of relatively short duration (mean: 23.4 min) while the other featured descents that were more broadly ‘U’‐shaped and confined to a specific depth range for an extended period of time (mean: 75.8 min). Based on the frequency, persistence, and patterns of these vertical movements, white marlin appear to direct a considerable proportion of foraging effort well below surface waters, a behavior that may account for relatively high catch rates of white marlin on some deep‐set PLL deployments.     

Priority habitats for the conservation of large river fish in the Ganges river basin

• 1. Three classes of habitat used by groups of fish species classified as conservation and management priorities were developed for the Gerua River (also known as the Girwa River, Karnali River) in the Ganges river basin. This river is large (mean annual discharge ca 1500 m³ s^?1, up to 900 m wide), surrounded by protected lands of India and Nepal, and upstream of major diversions and river alterations.
• 2. Fish and habitat sampling was conducted at 45 sites from 2000 to 2003. Data were analysed for 2172 fish of 14 species. Species and life stages found occupying a statistically distinct subset of the river habitats were grouped to identify classes of river habitat for conservation.
• 3. Most species and life‐stage groups specialized on specific habitat conditions revealed by multivariate analyses of variance and a principal component analysis. The most numerous and diverse group (six species, 15 life stages) was associated with deep depositional habitats with sandy substrate. Two species covering three life stages were primarily oriented to erosional habitat marked by fast current velocity with pebble and cobble substrate. A third group of three species of adults and juveniles were intermediate in habitat use.
• 4. River conservation for fish faunas should maintain both erosional and depositional channel habitats with depths, substrates, and current velocity inclusive of the ranges reported. The erosional and depositional nature of the key habitats requires that rivers be maintained with flows capable of channel‐forming functions.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Freshwater mussel assemblage structure in a regulated river in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Basin,USA

• 1. This paper documents a diverse, reproducing freshwater mussel community (20 species) in Lower Lake — an impounded, regulated portion of the Little Tallahatchie River below Sardis Dam in Panola Co., Mississippi, USA.
• 2. Despite being regulated and impounded, the lake has a heterogeneous array of habitats that differ markedly in mussel community attributes. Four distinct habitat types were identified based on current velocity and substrate characteristics, representing a gradient from habitats having lotic characteristics to lentic habitats. All four habitat types supported mussels, but habitats most resembling unimpounded, lotic situations (relatively higher current velocity and coarser substrate) had the highest mussel abundance and species density (10.1 mussels m^?2, 1.8 species m^?2, respectively). Lentic habitats (no flow, fine substrate) were characterized by lower abundance and species density (2.0 mussels m^?2, 0.8 species m^?2, respectively), but supported mussel assemblages distinctive from lotic habitats.
• 3. Evidence of strong recent recruitment was observed for most species in the lake and was observed in all four habitat types.
• 4. Although impounded and regulated, Lower Lake represents one of the few areas of stable large‐stream habitat in the region. The presence of a diverse, healthy mussel community in this highly modified habitat suggests that a large component of the regional mussel fauna is relatively resilient and adaptable and is limited primarily by the absence of stable river reaches. Management actions that increase stream stability are likely to result in expansion of the mussel fauna and restoration of a valuable component of ecosystem function in this region.

Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型喀斯特洼地植被恢复过程中土壤碳氮储量动态及其对极端内涝灾害的响应

西南喀斯特地区是我国主要的生态脆弱区之一,石漠化严重,旱涝灾害频发。植被恢复是提升脆弱生态系统土壤碳氮固持的有效方式,但该区不同植被恢复方式土壤碳氮动态监测的研究还很缺乏。本研究以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象,选取人工林、牧草地、人工林+牧草地、撂荒地自然恢复4种最主要的植被恢复方式为研究对象,以耕地作为对照,对比分析退耕前(2004年)、退耕10年(2014年)和13年后(2017年)土壤碳氮储量动态变化特征。其中2004—2014年研究区未发生极端内涝灾害, 2014—2017年连续发生2次极端内涝灾害事件。研究结果表明,退耕10年后, 4种恢复方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)储量均显著增加,但退耕13年后,除撂荒地SOC持续增加外,其他3种恢复方式下SOC表现出下降趋势。植被恢复后土壤全氮(TN)储量提升相对缓慢,退耕10年仅牧草地显著增加,退耕13年后人工林+牧草和撂荒地TN增加,且撂荒地在退耕后呈持续增加趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤交换性Ca~(2+)与SOC、TN均呈显著正相关关系,且与2014年相比, 2017年不同植物恢复方式下土壤交换性Ca~(2+)均显著下降,这可能与研究区2015年和2016年连续内涝灾害有关。以上结果说明,不同恢复方式均能显著提升喀斯特地区土壤碳氮固持,并以自然恢复最佳,其生态系统能有效抵御极端气候灾害带来的负面影响。     

活化风蚀坑沙障固沙技术及植被恢复

风蚀坑活化形成的流动沙地直接危害草场,使土地逐渐丧失生产力。结合风蚀坑内风速变化特征,采取风蚀坑及边坡、风蚀坑积沙区沙障固沙技术,恢复风蚀坑植被。结果表明:风蚀坑及边坡设置黄柳沙障3 a,植被覆盖率达到27.0%,植物种为7种;PE纱网沙障植被覆盖率为31.0%,植物种为11种;PLA沙障植被覆盖率达到15.6%,植物种为4种;黄柳+PE复合沙障植被覆盖率达到75.3%,植物种为6种,而对照植被覆盖率为1.6%,植物种2种。在风蚀坑积沙区,设置沙障3 a后,PE纱网沙障植物种达到10种,黄柳+PE沙障为8种,PLA沙障为4种,黄柳沙障6种,而对照为1种;植被覆盖率分别达到50.3%、50.7%、22.7%、40.0%,而对照为4.0%。采取网格或带状PE沙障,带状黄柳+带状PE沙障对风蚀坑植被恢复具有良好效果。     

喀斯特石漠化形成原因及植被恢复途径探讨

喀斯特石漠化是在人的干预下,喀斯特地区植被和土壤退化导致的结果。通过回顾国内外喀斯特石漠化研究情况,在分析喀斯特植被退化的自然因素和人为因素基础上,提出喀斯特石漠化植被恢复应该选择合适的树种、合适的造林方式和治理模式,分阶段人为促进封山育林,转移剩余劳动力,用可持续理论引导当地居民逐渐改变古老的生产和生活习惯。     

基于分布式数据库系统的故障恢复技术研究

本文在对分布式数据库系统探讨的基础上,基于备份和日志记录技术,提出了一种基于两阶段提交协议的分布式数据库系统的数据恢复方法.该方法基本能实现分布式事务执行的无阻塞,在正确的实现分布武数据库恢复的前提下,保证了分布式数据库系统的高可用性.