披针叶黄华试管正常苗与玻璃化苗茎叶的解剖特征比较

利用解剖学方法,对披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolatar)试管正常苗与玻璃化苗茎叶的解剖结构进行了观察比较。结果表明,玻璃化试管苗叶片和茎的解剖结构与正常试管苗有显著差异。前者叶片肥厚,无角质层,上表皮细胞多肿胀破裂;叶肉中栅栏组织退化消失,海绵组织细胞体积膨大,液泡化,某些区域细胞壁发育不完全,出现大的裂隙腔;叶片维管束退化;茎部表皮不完整,皮层和髓部组织的细胞皱缩变形,维管组织分化不完全等。这些结构上的畸形发育是影响披针叶黄华试管苗正常生长和增殖的重要原因。     

Raised bed planting promotes grain number per spike in wheat grown after rice by improving spike differentiation and enhancing photosynthetic capacity

The yield of wheat in wheat–rice rotation cropping systems in the Yangtze River Plain, China, is adversely impacted by waterlogging. A raised bed planting (RBP) pattern may reduce waterlogging and increase the wheat yield after rice cultivation by improving the grain number per spike. However, the physiological basis for grain formation under RBP conditions remains poorly understood. The present study was performed over two growing seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) to examine the effects of the planting pattern (i.e., RBP and flat planting (FP)) on the floret and grain formation features and leaf photosynthetic source characteristics of wheat. The results indicated that implementation of the RBP pattern improved the soil–plant nitrogen (N) supply during floret development, which facilitated balanced floret development, resulting in a 9.5% increase in the number of fertile florets per spike. Moreover, the RBP pattern delayed wheat leaf senescence and increased the photosynthetic source capacity by 13.9%, which produced more assimilates for grain filling. Delayed leaf senescence was attributed to the resultant high leaf N content and enhanced antioxidant metabolism. Correspondingly, under RBP conditions, 7.6–8.6% more grains per spike were recorded, and the grain yield was ultimately enhanced by 10.4–12.7%. These results demonstrate that the improvement of the spike differentiation process and the enhancement of the leaf photosynthetic capacity were the main reasons for the increased grain number per spike of wheat under the RBP pattern, and additional improvements in this technique should be achievable through further investigation.     

氨基酸螯合微肥对旱作水稻苗期生长及生理效应的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氨基酸螯合微肥（AA-Met）对早作水稻苗期生长的影响。结果表明：AA-Met能显著提高早作水稻的株高、根长及生物量。喷施后72h内每24h用SPAD-502测定叶绿素相对含量，发现旱作水稻对螯合态微肥的吸收同化速率显著大于无机微肥，但AA—Met与EDTA—Met（EDTA螫合微肥）间差异不显著。等量施用微量元素下，AA—Met和EDTA—Met处理的生物量、叶绿素和生长素含量均显著高于无机微肥处理，而两螯合态微肥处理间差异不显著。可溶性蛋白含量3种微肥处理间差异显著，表现为AA-Met处理〉ED—TA—Met处理〉无机微肥处理（P〈0．05），表明AA—Met可完全替代EDTA—Met。分别喷施稀释100（AA—Met1）和250（AA—Met2）倍AA—Met的溶液时，作物生物量、叶绿素、生长素及可溶性蛋白含量两处理间差异不显著，但显著高于喷施稀释500（AA—Met）倍的AA—Met溶液的处理。     

有机、特别与常规栽培对八种蔬菜土壤养分和酶活性的影响

通过田间试验比较了有机、特别与常规栽培对8种蔬菜土壤基本养分和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培相比,有机栽培和特别栽培能够提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,改良酸性土壤,并显著提高了土壤酶活性。有机栽培蔬菜土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。特别栽培的各项土壤指标基本介于有机和常规之间。研究表明有机栽培能够提高土壤养分和土壤酶活性。     

Allelopathy variation in dryland winter wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) accessions grown on the Loess Plateau of China for about fifty years

In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of allelopathic potential, its grey correlation with important agronomic characters, and rank analysis on allelopathic stability of fifteen wheat accessions commonly grown in arid regions of the Loess Plateau in China. The genetic variation of allelopathic property in dryland winter wheat showed significant differences between accessions. Allelopathic effects exhibited high heritability (55–95%) throughout the life cycle of wheat. Heritability was highest in the tillering stage and weakest in the seed filling stage. Allelopathic potential varied and was discontinuous throughout the wheat life cycle. Grey correlation analysis indicated a close relationship between allelopathic potential dependant on growth phase and agronomic characters. Allelopathic expression during some growth periods induced a partial correlation effect on some important agronomic characters that affected wheat yield. Allelopathic heritability and its degree of influence on yield were more evident in the vegetative growth stage compared to the reproductive stage. A multiple linear regression was built between allelopathic potential during different growth periods and agronomic characters pursued in wheat breeding. Allelopathic potential had a linear effect on production traits cultivated in wheat breeding. When allelopathic intensity varied from 0 to 1 in the reproductive stage, plant height ranged from 44 to 108 cm, spike length from 6.4 to 9.2 cm, number of spikelets with seeds from 13.4 to 21.0, mean seed number per spike from 41.5 to 50.3 and thousand seed weight from 36.2 to 38.3 g. Based on rank analysis, we concluded that there was a synergistic relationship between allelopathic potential in wheat and genetic, chemical and ecological factors. Triticum aestivum L. ‘No 6 Lankao’ and T. aestivum L. ‘No 22 Xiaoyan’ were identified as stable and relatively strong allelopathic accessions, whereas T. aestivum L. ‘Lankao 95–25’ was a stable but relatively weak allelopathic cultivar. Other varieties showed unstable allelopathic potential.     

祁白术多酚酶法提取工艺优化及其抗氧化、抑制黑色素合成活性

为考察祁白术多酚(polyphenols from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz grown in Qimen, AMP)的可利用性,采用响应面分析法优化酶法提取工艺,并研究AMP的抗氧化、抑制黑色素合成活性。结果表明,在料液比1:30 g·mL^-1、酶解时间20 min的条件下,当纤维素酶添加量为1.35%、酶解温度为44℃、pH值为4.7、搅拌转速为670 r·min^-1时,AMP提取量最高,为26.58±0.23 mg·g^-1。统计学分析显示,所选响应面模型拟合较好,优化后的提取工艺条件合理可行。AMP具有较好的抗氧化活性,其总还原力、对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除作用随其浓度的增加而增强。当AMP浓度为0~0.02 mg·mL^-1时,对B16细胞无毒性作用。与α-MSH模型组相比,AMP显著下调了细胞内酪氨酸酶活性(P<0.05),并呈浓度依赖性地抑制细胞内黑色素的合成(P<0.05);当AMP浓度为0.02 mg·mL^-1时,对细胞内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素合成抑制率分别为30.11%、43.35%,阳性对照熊果苷(0.1 mg·mL^-1)对细胞内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素合成的抑制率分别为22.03%、39.77%,表明AMP对黑色素生成的抑制效果强于熊果苷。本研究结果为祁白术多酚的综合开发利用提供了依据。     

自然生长状态下贮藏甜高粱的研究

以晋甜2号为材料,对自然生长状态下贮藏甜高粱进行研究。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,甜高粱茎杆重量、出汁率和总糖量逐步下降,茎汁含糖量逐步增加,气候因素对甜高粱田间自然贮藏的影响极大。在我国北方,如果秋末冬初,气温快速下降至枯霜冻,甜高粱茎秆可以在田间自然冷冻贮藏,直到来年2月上旬平均气温回升到0℃以上为止。在此期间,加工企业可随加工进度,到田间按需收割,从而减少贮藏空间和成本。     

明亮熊蜂·中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为温室草莓授粉的行为观察

[目的]综合评价明亮熊蜂、中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂3蜂种对温室草莓的授粉效率,更有效地利用蜜蜂为大棚草莓授粉。[方法]采用2m×2m样方观测3种授粉蜂的行为,测定其出巢温度、日活动时间、访花频率、单花停留时间、花粉移出率、柱头花粉沉降数目及授粉效果等,并对3种授粉蜂的授粉成本进行比较。[结果]整个花期3种蜂均十分活跃,明亮熊蜂较快适应环境,意大利蜜蜂阴天不访花;活动起点温度明亮熊蜂和中华蜜蜂的低于意大利蜜蜂;日活动时间明亮熊蜂和中华蜜蜂较长;花粉移出率明亮熊蜂比中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂的高,但访花频率中华蜜蜂比意大利蜜蜂和明亮熊蜂的高;3种蜂的柱头花粉沉降数目没有显著区别;明亮熊蜂与中华蜜蜂授粉后的草莓平均单产、平均畸形果率差异不显著,而与意大利蜜蜂的差异极显著;意大利蜜蜂、中华蜜蜂成本基本相同,显著比明亮熊蜂成本低。[结论]中华蜜蜂为冬季及早春温度较低状态下大棚草莓授粉最佳。     

参后地土壤中五氯硝基苯微生物修复效应及影响因素研究

从长期使用五氯硝基苯(PCNB)的栽参土壤中筛选对PCNB具有降解效能的菌株(S1、S2、S3),研究其对PCNB的降解效能及影响因素.结果表明:适合各菌株生长的适宜温度为20～30%;适合S1和适合S2、S3菌株生长的pH范围分别为5.5～7.5和6.5～8.5.在此pH和温度范围内,各菌株对PCNB具有良好的降解性能.在最佳生长条件下,菌株达到最大生长量和最高降解率,在PCNB初始浓度为25.0 mg/L时,经过数天的培养,对PCNB降解率最高可达89.7%.与对照相比,土著微生物和接种微生物均能加速PCNB的降解.对泥浆相修复和纯培养基条件下的PCNB降解反应的回归方程进行差异显著性检验表明:在两种条件下,PCNB生物降解速率差异显著性达到α=0.01水平.     

成龄番木瓜组培快繁技术研究

对番木瓜芽的消毒方法、增殖培养、生根培养等进行了研究。结果表明,番木瓜外植体采用热水处理10 min、75%酒精消毒30 s、15%次氯酸钠消毒5 min、0.1%升汞消毒17 min后的消毒效果最好;在番木瓜生根前利用壮苗培养基培养较高、较粗壮的番木瓜幼苗,可以提高生根率;生根后须及时转入未添加IBA的培养基中进行培养,才能获得质量较好的木瓜生根苗,从而提高木瓜苗的移栽成活率。