太行山前平原典型灌溉农田深层土壤水分动态

该文针对70年代以来太行山前平原典型灌溉农田地下水位普遍下降的问题,通过分析中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站连续3 a的农田土壤水分观测资料,探讨了山前平原典型灌溉农田0~800 cm深土壤水势变化规律和0~1 540 cm深土壤水分含量变化规律。结果表明:土壤水分动态自上向下具有明显的分带性,0~800 cm土壤层水分动态可分为3层:0~200 cm为入渗-蒸发交替变动带(水分增长和消退的较快,土壤含水率变化范围为0.14~0.47 cm3/cm3,基质势变化范围为-628.21~0 cm,200~600 cm为非稳定入渗带(土壤含水率变化范围为0.04~0.41 cm3/cm3,基质势变化范围为-311.79~0 cm,土壤水势梯度有一定变化范围在0.1~5.61 cm/cm之间),600~800 cm为相对稳定入渗带(土壤含水率在0.03~0.35 cm3/cm3之间变化,基质势变化范围为-138.18~-45.57 cm,土壤水势梯度在单位势梯度左右浮动)。在土壤质地和土壤含水率(维持在田间持水量水平)的影响下,深层土壤层的湿润锋运动速率较快(0.13 m/d),表明地下含水层会迅速地响应地表水分输入(降水和灌溉)。结果可为太行山前平原典型灌溉农田地下水分及可持续利用提供科学依据。     

基于人工神经网络的宝鸡市市区地下水调控方案研究

为合理确定地下水调控方案,采用BP算法,研究了宝鸡市区地下水位动态变化过程,建立了地下水位动态变化预测模型,通过对1990-2005年地下水数据的训练,预测了未来3 a的地下水变化情况,结果表明预测结果与实测结果非常吻合,说明BP模型能较好地预测宝鸡市区地下水位动态变化;依据此模型,结合宝鸡市水资源开发利用现状及未来水利工程建设规划,提出了宝鸡市区未来不同水平年地下水调控方案与合理开发利用宝鸡市区地下水资源的建议。     

西北灌区地下水矿化度变化及其对作物的影响

地下水矿化度的时空变化是影响地下水资源质量和作物生长的重要因素,尤其是对主要依靠抽取地下水用于灌溉的农业地区。该文以石羊河流域为例搜集了武威、昌宁、民勤共21个灌区1981－2003年间观测站点的地下水矿化度数据,选用反距离加权法（IDW）进行空间插值处理。并结合自然因素和人类活动的影响,分析其时空变化趋势,结果显示：流域内年平均矿化度（TDS）整体呈增加趋势,且从上游向下游逐渐增高,矿化度的年际波动也从上游向下游逐渐增大。该文还分析了矿化度变化对当地主要作物的安全生长影响,研究了当地两种典型作物春小麦和棉花的适合种植范围,得出：适合两种作物的种植面积略有缩小趋势。该研究表明在一些需要采用地下水进行灌溉的西北干旱灌区,应加强对地下水矿化度的监测与控制。     

地下水作用下微咸水灌溉对土壤及作物的影响

随着微咸水灌溉面积逐年增加,不合理的灌溉对土壤环境造成了不同程度的污染。该文采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉夏玉米对土壤-作物系统环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：在地下水水位低于3 m地区进行微咸水灌溉,0～100 cm的土层内不会形成严重的积盐现象。当灌水水质为4 g/L时,灌水水质对土壤盐分环境的影响大于地下水埋深对其的影响。地下水埋深越深,夏玉米叶面积指数、株高及产量越小,且随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而减小,地下水埋深对夏玉米形态指标的影响大于盐分水平对其的影响。     

农户休耕意愿与不同模式的补偿标准——以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例

农户是耕地利用主体,研究其视角下的休耕意愿和不同模式的受偿标准,对政策推行有实际意义。以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例,调研走访农户分别得到81份和148份有效问卷,通过统计分析、机会成本法和受偿意愿法等,研究了农户休耕意愿和不同模式的补偿标准。结果表明:（1）超过50%受访农户休耕意愿依补偿而定,两区域调整种植结构模式的接受度均高于减少灌溉次数模式。考虑到粮食安全,黑龙港地区调整为种植春玉米,水资源补给性较好的太行山北麓平原实行减少灌溉次数方式;（2）不同模式下两区域农户受偿意愿值均高于机会成本值。建议种植春玉米时补偿标准为7 500元/hm²,减灌时太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区补偿标准分别为灌溉1次下2 504.7元/hm²,2 126.4元/hm²,灌溉2次下1 252.35元/hm²,1 063.2元/hm²。本研究从农户视角对休耕政策进行了反馈,提出不同模式下的补偿标准,为休耕政策的具体制定和实施提供借鉴。     

灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究

以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。     

基于指示Kriging的土壤盐渍化风险与地下水环境分析

土壤盐渍化是制约干旱区农业发展的主要障碍,而浅埋地下水区域的地下水环境是影响土壤盐渍化的直接因素。为调控合理的地下水埋深和矿化度,以防控区域盐渍化,以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区,运用指示Kriging法比较了春灌前和生育期不同阈值条件下土壤表层含盐量、地下水埋深和矿化度的概率分布,从概率空间分布的角度研究了不同时期防治土壤盐渍化的地下水临界埋深和矿化度。结果表明：地下水埋深属于中等变异性,土壤表层含盐量和地下水矿化度属于强变异性。春灌前较生育期土壤表层盐渍化高风险区扩大、浅埋地下水高概率区缩小、地下水矿化高风险区缩小。春灌前永济灌域土壤表层发生轻度、中度盐渍化时的地下水埋深临界值分别为2.6、2.2 m,地下水矿化度临界值分别为2.0、2.5 g/L;生育期土壤表层发生轻度、中度盐渍化时的地下水埋深临界值分别为2.2、1.8 m,地下水矿化度临界值分别为2.5、3.0 g/L,春灌前更易发生土壤盐渍化。春灌前较生育期土壤盐分受外界因素（气象因素和人为因素）影响小,且土壤表层含盐量、地下水埋深和矿化度变异性也相对较小,地下水环境对土壤盐渍化的影响更强烈。研究区北部、东南部和中部小部分区域为地下水埋深小于临界值且大于矿化度临界值的高概率区,是土壤返盐的高风险区,建议进一步完善该地区的排水系统。     

磴口县地下水空间异质性分析及其对景观格局变化的响应

应用地统计学和地理信息系统方法,分析内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市磴口县地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应。首先,通过半变异函数模型分析了磴口县地下水埋深的空间异质性特征,进而利用克里金插值对研究区2008、2016年的地下水埋深空间分布进行了拟合;其次,基于磴口县2008年与2016年的景观格局分布数据,研究了其景观格局演变特点;最后利用GIS叠加分析手段,将地下水埋深变化与景观格局演变数据进行耦合,分析了地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应机制。研究结果如下：①空间上,磴口县地下水埋深大体遵循由东北向西南逐渐加深的趋势,研究时段内其空间异质性呈上升趋势,空间异质性中的随机扰动增强。②县域主要景观类型为林地,其次为沙地、裸地与水体,研究时段内建筑用地与水体增加明显,耕地与沙地略有减少。③景观格局演变对地下水埋深有较明显的影响,建筑用地的扩张使其加深,地表灌溉系统的不断完善使其上升。总体来看,磴口县地下水资源利用效率有较明显的提高。     

Using shallow saline groundwater for irrigation and regulating for soil salt-water regime

Drought and fresh water shortage are the main limiting factorsfor sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain.Using saline water for irrigation plays important role forovercoming the constraints and increasing crops yields. Theexploitation and utilization of shallow saline groundwaterenables to regulate the groundwater depth and to promote thetransform of precipitation into available water resources.Thispaper reviews the research and practice on the utilization ofshallow saline groundwater in the part east of South GreatCanal in Haihe River Plain. Findings are presented on the useof saline water, cycling and blending of saline and fresh waterfor irrigation, indexing of crops salt tolerances, regulating forsoil salt-water regime, saline-alkali land reclamation andgroundwater quality freshening. These approaches help therational regulation and utilization of the local water resourcesfor comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging and salinity.     

Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields

This study focuses on experimental pilot assessment of contamination of shallow groundwater systems and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. The study approach involved a pilot experimental (greenhouse) set-up of organo-mineral amended test plots/troughs (40 cm × 47 cm × 46 cm) planted with two common vegetable crops (Amaranthus hybridus and Abelmoschus esculentus) and irrigated with wastewater. In addition to the geochemical analyses of the primary un-amended and amended soils before planting as well as residual soils after harvesting, measurements of the physico-chemical parameters and chemical analyses of trace metals concentrations in irrigation leachates and harvested vegetable tissues were also undertaken following appropriate standard sample preparation and analytical methods.The results of the geochemical analyses carried out on irrigation leachate samples collected during the sprouting stage revealed that most of the analyzed trace metals in the collected leachates exhibited 2-10 folds depletion (except for Cu and Co with enrichment of about 1.5-3 folds) compared to the initial wastewater used for irrigation. A situation attributed to uptake/bioaccumulation of these metals and selective enrichment in the residual soils as well as to leaching by infiltrating irrigation water. Nonetheless, the observed higher trace elements concentrations in the second sets of leachates collected during harvesting stage compared to the first sets of leachates collected during the sprouting/vegetative stage is an indication of higher plant uptake during sprouting/vegetative stage or initial sorption/complexation of biosolids amendment before later vertical re-mobilization by infiltrating irrigation water.Although, virtually all of the analyzed metals exhibited elevated concentrations (2-173 ppm) in both A. hybridus and A. esculentus, a closer evaluation revealed 1.2-8.2 folds enrichment of Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb in A. esculentus compared to that of A. hybridus, an indication of the fact that phyto-accumulation of trace metal is plant-specific and dependent on physiological set-up. The overall evaluation had clearly demonstrated the potential danger of bioaccumulation of toxic trace metals under biosolid amended soils as well as impacts of irrigation-induced leaching on the shallow groundwater quality, while the need to evolve a sustainable agricultural practices is also highlighted.

Capsule

Organo-mineral amendment can lead to trace metal bioaccumulation (in plants) and irrigation-induced leaching to shallow groundwater system.