从语用失误角度看公示语英译——以伊春市公共场所公示语英译为例

旅游城市的公示语作为一种特殊的文体,有着自身的语言和社会语用特点。鉴于语用学对公示语英译提供了一个新的视角,以语用学的语用失误理论为支撑,从语言语用失误和社交语用失误两个方面对伊春市公共场所公示语英译的语用失误进行了分析。     

The household economics of rubber intercropping during the immature period in Northeast Thailand

In order to alleviate poverty in Northeast Thailand, the Thai government has promoted rubber farming, which has expanded at the expense of annual crops. Because of a long immature period, planting rubber represents a loss of income for poor farmers in the very first years. This paper analyzed how rubber intercropping during the immature period helps farmers to compensate for this loss of income. Economic performances of the most widespread rubber farming systems were analyzed using information collected from a questionnaire addressed to 35 farmers in Buriram province. A sub-sample of 22 farmers was further interviewed to estimate the contribution of rubber intercropping in the formation of the total annual income during the immature period. The results showed that interest in rubber intercropping has grown, with cassava and rice as the main associated crops. With additional costs of about 14,169 ?/ha/year over monospecific rubber plantations, rubber-cassava intercropping systems generated a gross margin estimated at 11,340 ?/ha/year for a 3-year period. Compared to a monospecific rubber plantation, rubber-cassava intercropping systems reduced management costs by 59% over the 6-year period of rubber immaturity. The cash-income drawn from intercropping ranged from 0 to 26.8% of the household’s total annual income, which can be of considerable importance for low-income farmers.     

不同品种类型玉米不同器官和全株生物产量比较

本试验旨在比较不同品种类型玉米(Zea mays)不同器官和全株的生物产量,以提高玉米定向培育的选择效率。选择32种具有代表性的玉米优良品种为试验材料,根据淀粉性质、籽实外形、成熟性质和用途4种分类方法,分别对完熟期玉米的籽实、玉米芯、苞叶、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆及全株的鲜物质、风干物质、干物质以及粗蛋白质和总能产量进行比较。每个品种选择5个地块,每个地块选取10株玉米。结果表明:玉米的籽实、玉米芯、苞叶、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和全株的鲜物质、风干物质、干物质、粗蛋白质和总能产量不同品种类型间差异均显著(P0.05)。根据淀粉性质、籽实外形和成熟性质分类不足以区别不同品种类型玉米的不同器官和全株生物产量(P0.05)。按用途分类,不同品种类型玉米不同器官和全株生物产量(玉米籽实的风干物质、干物质和总能产量除外)均差异显著(P0.05),表现为饲用玉米红粒玉米普通玉米糯玉米。对广泛种植的普通玉米和饲用玉米进行比较,设定普通玉米产量为100.0%,则饲用玉米籽实、玉米芯、苞叶、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和全株的鲜物质产量分别为121.9%、164.2%、175.5%、149.0%、151.7%、168.8%和149.9%;风干物质产量分别为107.9%、143.7%、155.1%、139.4%、126.1%、162.0%和129.1%;干物质产量分别为107.5%、143.4%、155.0%、139.5%、125.7%、162.0%和129.21%;粗蛋白质产量分别为119.0%、142.9%、181.5%、161.6%、122.0%、137.4%和131.7%;总能产量分别为107.7%、143.8%、155.0%、139.4%、126.1%、162.0%和129.1%。玉米籽实干物质、粗蛋白质和总能产量占玉米全株的比例,普通玉米分别为47.75%、57.87%和48.49%,饲用玉米分别为39.72%、52.36%和40.48%。由此得出,普通玉米全株饲喂是"粮改饲"的最基本的策略,而饲用玉米籽实和全株生物产量都高于普通玉米,种植饲用玉米可以增加30%左右的土地利用。     

双峰驼面神经解剖

双峰驼的面神经在伸出茎乳突孔之前发出岩大神经、镫骨肌神经、鼓索和一加入岩小神经的交通支,并接受一条来自前庭耳蜗神经的交通支和迷走神经的耳支。面神经穿出茎乳突孔之后发出耳后神经、耳内支,腮腺支二腹肌支、颈支、耳睑神经,上颊支和下颊支。6/10例面神经发出一交通支连于舌咽神经。耳后神经与第一、第二颈神经之间不见有交通支。耳后神经和耳内支有侧支分布于腮腺和腮耳肌。上颊支在犬齿肌深面分为许多小支与眶下神经的分支形成一神经丛。下颊支在下颌骨的外侧面与颏副神经有较粗的交通支相连。     

On artificial humic acids

I. Absorption Spectra of Some Artificial Humic Acids

It is a well known fact that numerous dark brown or black and amorphous substances cap be produced from organic compounds by purely chemical processes. Some of them are called artificial humic acids, and have been used as a model of soil humic acids by many workers. But it is doubtful whether such artificial humic acids are considered to be a model of soil humic acids, even if there can be found any similarities in their properties. However it may be an useful method for the study of humus formation to compare artificial humic acids with soil humic acids, and to make efforts to find a good model or to prepare artificial humic acids comparable to soil humic acids under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, first of all, the author prepared artificial humic acids from glucose, hydroquinone and lignin, and their absorption spectra were determined.     

Obituary-Roger Brereton Marshall

Roger Marshall was born in Christchurch on 27 May 1933 and died at his home in Palmerston North on 24 October 2001. He graduated BVSc from the University of Sydney in 1958 and began his professional career in clinical veterinary practice in Morrinsville. Wishing to specialise in veterinary microbiology, he later enrolled in the postgraduate course for the Diploma in Microbiology at the University of Otago under Professor JAR Miles. On gaining the Diploma in 1963, Roger was appointed a foundation lecturer in veterinary microbiology in the newly formed Faculty of Veterinary Science at Massey University.     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

Chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses

The objective of this review was to summarise and evaluate the current state of knowledge about chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses. Clinical signs of this multifactorial disorder are mainly restricted to the lower limbs, comprising progressively deteriorating skin, swelling and deformation. Although typical lesions were first reported at the beginning of the 20th century, chronic progressive lymphoedema was recognised as a specific syndrome only in 2003, and since then research has driven forward. Despite the high prevalence in some breeds and the serious economic impact, the pathogenesis is not fully understood, and the available treatment options remain symptomatic and noncurative. There is a need to improve diagnostic techniques and to develop selection tools.