测量数据中异常数据的检验比较

在简要介绍和分析一般测量数据检验处理的基础上 ,对几种数据检验结果进行了比较 ,介绍了一种具有抗差能力的样本分位数统计检验方法 ,并举例进行了粗差检验说明     

Evaluating the merits of climate smart technologies under smallholder agriculture in Malawi

The merits of three climate smart agriculture (CSA) technologies implemented by farmers were assessed in Machinga district of Malawi with respect to their soil quality and maize yield effects. Data were collected from farms implementing the three CSA technologies, namely conservation agriculture (CA), maize–pigeonpea (Maize-PP) intercrops and a local organic and inorganic soil amendment known as Mbeya fertilization (Mbeya-fert), from 2018 to 2019. With respect to resilience and adaptation, particulate organic matter, soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P, K, Ca and Mg all significantly improved while bulk densities were lowered under the three CSA systems. Higher annual biomass inputs and improved water infiltration from the Maize-PP intercrops were observed. With respect to productivity, CA and Mbeya-fert improved maize yields by 51 and 19%, respectively, compared to conventional farmer practices. With regard to climate change mitigation, increases in measured SOC in the top 20 cm depth compared to the conventional farmer practices amounted to 6.5, 12 and 10.5 t C ha⁻¹ for CA, Mbeya-fert, and Maize-PP intercrops, respectively, over a period of 2–6 years. This suggests higher potential for carbon sequestration from CSA technologies. Furthermore, use of drought tolerant varieties, timely weeding and optimum plant populations, increased productivity. Improved gross margins from CSA practices were also apparent. Thus, employing these CSA technologies could enable farmers to be more resilient, productive and adapt better to climate change shocks leading to improved food security and livelihoods.     

Endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct in ten horses

Reasons for performing study: No endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct has been described before. In contrast with other imaging techniques, endoscopy provides a direct inspection of the intralumen and ductal mucosa in standing sedation. Objectives: To provide a reference against which the endoscopic and clinical features of obstructive nasolacrimal disease in the horse may be compared. Methods: Endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct was performed in 10 French Thoroughbred bay mares with a 3 mm shaft diameter flexible fibrescope. The duct was divided into 3 zones (1, 2 and 3) from the nostril to the lacrimal sac. Results: Endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct appeared to be quite easy to perform in Zones 1 and 2, while the ease or difficulty of examining Zone 3 depended on the weight and size of the horse for the position of the endoscope in the lacrimal canal. Conclusions: Endoscopic inspection has provided the possibility of a novel diagnostic approach to conditions of the nasolacrimal duct in horses. Potential relevance: Endoscopic examination of the nasolacrimal duct could help to diagnose and treat nasolacrimal diseases by performing sample withdrawal and duct irrigation.     

应用BaPS技术研究双氰胺及硫对苹果园土壤尿素的硝化抑制效应

 在大田条件下应用气压过程分离法（BaPS）研究了双氰胺（DCD）和双氰胺与硫配合施用（DCD + S）对苹果园土壤氮素的硝化抑制效应。结果表明：施肥后40 d内,N + DCD和N + DCD + S处理的土壤NH₄⁺-N含量均高于N处理（对照）。N + DCD处理在6 ~ 20 d显著高于N处理;N + DCD + S处理直到30 d时仍显著高于N处理,比只施DCD的处理硝化抑制作用延长了10 d。两个添加硝化抑制剂处理土壤NO₃^--N含量显著低于N处理,降幅达18.72% ~ 58.91%。与N处理（对照）相比,N + DCD和N + DCD + S处理明显降低了土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率,试验前期差异最大,进一步证实了硝化抑制剂可以有效地抑制NH4+-N向NO₃^--N的转化。     

Global development and the future of the protected area strategy

Land protection has become increasingly common, and global land protection is now greater than 12%. Prediction of future protected area expansion are uncertain, and depend on understanding the factors that have to date explained the historical pattern and geographic variation in protected area (PA) establishment. We test four major perspectives on factors limiting or facilitating PA creation, differentiating between strict PAs and multiple-use PAs where some resource extraction is permitted. Richer countries had a greater amount of land protection and were more likely to create strict PAs, supporting the view of land protection as an economic amenity, although the magnitude of this effect declines in recent decades. There are also significant differences in amount of protection by political structure, with independent countries tending to protect more land, and education, with countries with high levels of primary education tending to protect more. However, countries with substantial previous protection tend to do less protection and create proportionally fewer strict and more multiple-use PAs. Scenarios of future socioeconomic and political conditions suggest that on balance the amount of protection should increase in many countries, driven by economic prosperity, and by 2030 global land protection is forecast to reach 15–29%. The limiting factor in land protection varies among countries, and sub-Saharan African countries in particular will remain a very hard place for land protection because of low per-capita GDP. Overall, however, more land protection may occur in the next 20 years than has occurred in the previous 20 years.     

新疆荒漠化土地TM影像解译标志的建立

论述了在荒漠化土地监测中建立TM影像目视解译标志的目的、意义、方法及依据，并建立了新疆主要荒漠化土地类型的解译标志，提出了建标工作中的问题与建议，以便为3S技术在新疆土地资源调查与应用奠定基础。     

兔出血症病毒试验感染及临床病理学观察

以不同日龄及生理状态下的中国白兔为试验动物,经静脉接种、皮下接种、滴鼻和同居感染兔出血症病毒,进行临床检查和病理学观察。结果表明,静脉接种感染的兔潜伏期比其他途径感染的兔短;2月龄以下幼兔有明显的抵抗力,其他月龄的兔均易感,怀孕兔全部发生流产;临床病理学观察以各实质器官的退行性病变及弥散性血管内凝血为主要特征,表现为各组织器官严重出血、水肿,实质细胞广泛性变性、坏死,微血管内大量血栓形成、炎性细胞浸润等。     

Gross nitrogen transformation rate in soil is affected by coastal wetland cultivation

Abstract

A ¹⁵N tracing experiment was carried out to investigate gross N dynamics in coastal wetland soils. The results showed that the cultivation of coastal wetland has resulted in a significant increase in the gross mineralization rate, gross nitrification rate and gross microbial immobilization of ammonium rate (p<0.01). However, the effect of cultivation on the gross microbial immobilization of nitrate rate was not significant. The gross nitrification rate was much higher than nitrate immobilization (p<0.01), indicating that cultivation of coastal wetland could increase the risk of losses of N from the soil through leaching.     

Impacts of silver nanoparticles on enzymatic activities, nitrifying bacteria, and nitrogen transformation in soil amended with ammonium and nitrate

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective antimicrobial compounds that are used in a myriad of applications. Soil microorganisms play crucial roles in nitrogen cycling, but there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the effects of AgNPs on enzymatic activity in the nitrogen cycle, nitrifying bacteria, and nitrogen transformation in soil. Herein, enzyme activities were determined following the addition of different forms of nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen ((NH₄)₂SO₄), nitrate nitrogen (KNO₃), and amide nitrogen (urea, CO(NH₂)₂) at 200 mg N kg^-1, into the soil amended with AgNPs at 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg kg^-1. After 7 d of incubation with 10 mg kg^-1 AgNPs, the activities of urease, nitrite reductase (NiR), nitrate reductase (NaR), and hydroxylamine reductase (HyR) were reduced by 12.5%, 25.0%, 12.2%, and 24.2%, respectively. Of particular note, more than 53.5%, 61.7%, and 34.7% of NaR, NiR, and HyR activities, respectively, were inhibited at 100 mg kg^-1AgNPs. The abundance (most probable number) of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB, respectively) was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the Cochran method. The abundance of AOB and NOB decreased when AgNPs were present in the soil. The NH₄NO₃ amendment increased copy numbers of bacterial and archaeal amoA nitrification functional genes, by 38.3% and 12.4%, respectively, but AgNPs at 50 mg kg^-1 decreased these values by 70% and 56.4%, respectively. The results of ¹⁵N enrichment (atom% excess) of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- experiments illustrated the influence of AgNPs on soil nitrogen transformation. According to the ¹⁵N atom% excess detected, the conversion of ¹⁵N-labeled NH₄⁺ to NO₃^- was significantly inhibited by the different levels of AgNPs in soil. The reduced gross nitrification rate further confirmed this finding. Overall, this study revealed considerable evidence that AgNPs inhibited nitrogen cycle enzyme activity, the number of nitrifying bacteria, the abundance of the amoA gene, and the gross nitrification rate. Silver nanoparticles inhibited nitrogen transformation, and the rate of nitrification was also negatively correlated with AgNP levels.     

The thiamin deficiency signs and requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

Four growth studies were conducted to determine the signs, biochemical indices and histopathology of a thiamin deficiency and the thiamin requirement of young rainbow trout reared at 15°C on a semi-purified test diet. The major overt signs of a thiamin deficiency in rainbow trout are predominantly neurological: irritability and instability. Other signs include convulsions, feed refusal, dark pigmentation and finally mortalities. Growth reduction in the thiamin deficient trout appear to result from anorexia or feed refusal and not specifically to a thiamin deficiency. Although there were prominant neurological signs in the thiamin deficient trout, there were no histopathological signs in any tissues of the trout, including the brain and central nervous system, examined by light microscopic techniques. The tissue transketolase activity would appear to be a sensitive and specific indicator of the thiamin status in the trout. In addition, the levels of plasma lactate and serum pyruvate are also elevated in thiamin deficient trout. On the basis of the growth parameters, absence of deficiency signs and kidney and liver transketolase activity, the thiamin requirement of rainbow trout reared at 15°C on a semi-purified test diet is 1 mg/kg feed.