An Investigation of Ovine Pneumonia in Four Herds from Central Norway: II. Relation Between Pathomorphology and Presence of Micro-Organisms

Sheep lungs obtained at slaughter from 4 herds from Central Norway were subjected to a macroscopical examination. Gross pulmonary findings included normal lungs, fibrous pleurisy, verminous nodules, atelectasis and consolidations of lobular and lobar extensions. A selection of lungs representing the various gross findings was subjected to microbiological and histological examinations. Pleurisy was associated wtih pneumonic consolidations and extension of lesions. Verminous nodules indicative of Muellerius spp. migrations occurred irrespective of gross pulmonary lesions or microbiological findings. A subacute or chronic pneumonia of a mixed proliferative exudative type was demonstrated in consolidated tissue. An association was found between the isolation of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and the presence of pneumonic lesions and between the number of organisms and extension of lesions. Histological findings highly indicative of this organism were proliferative changes in the bronchiolar and bronchial epithelium and intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue. The intensity of these changes was correlated to the number of mycoplasma organisms present. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is suggested to be of primary etiological significance regarding subacute or chronic pneumonia in lambs at slaughter.     

Maize straw is more effective than maize straw biochar at improving soil N availability and gross N transformation rate

Soil nitrogen (N) transformation is vital in determining farmland N availability. Although many studies have investigated the effect of biochar on N retention and loss via leaching and gaseous emissions, few have determined the dynamics of gross N transformation during crop growth in long-term biochar-amended soils and compared the effect of the biochar with that of its feedstock. In this study, we conducted a five-time field measurement of soil gross N turnover rates via ¹⁵N isotope pool dilution during maize growth in 2021. Three treatments were employed, including no amendment, biochar and straw applied annually at rates of 2.63 and 7.50 t ha⁻¹, respectively, since 2013. The results showed that biochar did not change the rate of gross N mineralisation when compared with no amendment, but straw increased it by 139% in August, resulting in significantly higher cumulative gross N mineralisation than biochar and no amendment (701 vs 489 and 499 mg kg⁻¹ in 200 d). The inconsistent influence was attributed to the fact that inherent biochar-N was recalcitrant and could not be mineralized like the straw. The gross nitrification rate was decreased by 72.9% and 77.4% by biochar and straw application, respectively, in June relative to no amendment, but then it increased from July to August in the straw treatment as a result of the elevated gross N mineralisation rate. The decreased nitrification in the biochar treatment was an outcome of the synergetic effect of a low ammonium pool (−59.4%) and a high gross ammonium immobilisation rate (+263%), which was likely due to excessive fertilizer N loss and abiotic adsorption to biochar. Meanwhile, biochar amendment inhibited bacterial 16S and fungal ITS genes, as well as ureC and bacterial and archaea-amoA gene copies. In conclusion, straw is more effective than biochar at improving soil N transformation and availability in the long term.     

中国植被总初级生产力对气候变化的响应

为理解中国植被GPP的变化规律,基于改进后的EC-LUE模型,分析了中国1982—2016年植被GPP的空间格局、变化特征及驱动因子。结果表明:(1)中国植被GPP年变化范围介于0～3 051.08 g C/(m²·a),总体呈现出南高北低的空间分布特征。高值区主要分布在华南、东南沿海地区,低值区分布在青藏高原、新疆、内蒙古西部等地区;(2)近35 a中国植被GPP整体呈增加趋势,增加速率为2.43 g C/(m²·a)(p<0.05),特别是黄土高原地区植被GPP增加趋势明显,但在东北及东南沿海的部分地区呈显著减少的趋势;(3)中国植被GPP变化与气温和降水呈正相关关系,气温和降水强驱动的面积占比8.1%,气温为主要驱动因子的面积占比25.3%,降水为主要驱动因子的面积占比15.1%,气温和降水弱驱动面积占比8.9%。虽然近年来中国植被固碳能力呈变好趋势,但在未来气候变化存在不确定性的背景下,生态保护工作任重道远。     

Nutritional evaluation of some commercial wheat varieties grown in Pakistan

The nutritive value of some commercial wheat varieties grown in Pakistan was measured chemically, including amino acid analysis, and biologically in N-balance experiments with growing rats. The protein content ranged from 13.2% in Punjab-83 to 16% in Barani-83. Lysine per 100g protein varied between 2.46 and 2.75%. The available carbohydrate ranged from 67.3 to 74.7%. Iron content was highest in Sonalika while the concentration of zinc and manganese was highest in Sarhad-82. The protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilisation (NPU) varied between 92–95%, 56–68% and 53–65% respectively. Level of wheat protein was negatively correlated with available carbohydrate (r=–0.93), lysine per unit protein (r=–0.67) and BV (r=–0.76). The lysine content (g/16gN) of commercial wheat varieties showed a positive correlation (r=+0.95) with the BV. The protein quality was lowered in varieties having higher content of protein.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen cycling in managed grassland in Southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured and nitrogen (N) budgets were estimated for 2?years in the fertilizer, manure, control and bare plots established in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grassland in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. In the manure plot, beef cattle manure with bark was applied at a rate of 43–44?Mg fresh matter (236–310?kg?N)?ha^?1?year^?1, and a supplement of chemical fertilizer was also added to equalize the application rate of mineral N to that in the fertilizer plots (164–184?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1). Grass was harvested twice per year. The total mineral N supply was estimated as the sum of the N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and gross mineralization of manure (GMm), soil (GMs), and root-litter (GMl). GMm, GMs and GMl were estimated by dividing the carbon dioxide production derived from the decomposition of soil organic matter, root-litter and manure by each C?:?N ratio (11.1 for soil, 15.5 for root-litter and 23.5 for manure). The N uptake in aboveground biomass for each growing season was equivalent to or greater than the external mineral N supply, which is composed of N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and GMm. However, there was a positive correlation between the N uptake in aboveground biomass and the total mineral N supply. It was assumed that 58% of the total mineral N supply was taken up by the grass. The N supply rates from soil and root-litter were estimated to be 331–384?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 and 94–165?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively. These results indicated that the GMs and GMl also were significant inputs in the grassland N budget. The cumulative N₂O flux for each season showed a significant positive correlation with mineral N surplus, which was calculated as the difference between the total mineral N supply and N uptake in aboveground biomass. The emission factor of N₂O to mineral N surplus was estimated to be 1.2%. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis suggested that the N₂O emission factor increased with an increase in precipitation. Consequently, soil and root-litter as well as chemical fertilizer and manure were found to be major sources of mineral N supply in the grassland, and an optimum balance between mineral N supply and N uptake is required for reducing N₂O emission.     

晚播对豫北冬小麦叶片生理及产量性状的影响

以冬小麦品种周麦18为材料,设置4个播期,同时对应不同播量,研究了晚播对豫北地区冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、植株干物质积累量及产量的影响.结果表明,晚播对叶片硝酸还原酶活性的影响主要表现在前期,对叶片叶绿素含量的影响主要表现在中期,至生长发育后期,播期对叶片生理性状的影响减小,各处理之间差异不显著.晚播加大播...     

基于优化灰色模型的江苏农村社会总产值预测

根据江苏省2007年的最新统计资料,通过筛选建立了对数新发展系数优化灰色模型,对2008-2012年江苏省农村社会总产值进行了实证分析和预测研究。结果表明：2008年,江苏农村社会总产值将达到61696.97亿元,到2010年末将达95110.17亿元,约为2000年的6.69倍,“十一五”规划的预期目标可望顺利实现。     

基于VPM与MOD17产品的中国农田生态系统总初级生产力估算比较

VPM(vegetation photosynthesis model)与PSN(photosynthesis)模型是2个基于MODIS数据估算生态系统总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)的光能利用率模型,该文对比了VPM和PSN模型在中国农田生态系统估算中的结果并对其差异形成的原因进行了分析。研究表明:1)在位于冬小麦-夏玉米二熟区的中国科学院禹城综合试验站以及种植春玉米的盈科灌区绿洲站,与碳通量观测数据相比,VPM模拟结果分别高估3.82%、12.08%,基于PSN模型利用MODIS数据计算的MOD17产品则分别低估53.35%、63.03%;2)在中国农田生态系统,MOD17产品普遍低于VPM模拟结果,在西北、东北及黄淮海等地区约低于50%以上,在南方地区低于不到30%;3)在中国北方旱作区,MOD17产品与VPM模拟结果呈强相关关系,相关系数为0.85,模型中的最大光能利用率参数是导致MOD17产品在北方旱作种植区低于VPM模拟结果的主要原因。