金荞麦和玉米混合青贮对其营养成分和发酵品质的影响

将初花期金荞麦(Fagopyrum dibotrys(D.Don)Hara.)与青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)按比例混合青贮,通过感官评价、营养成分分析和有机酸含量比较,探究两者的最佳青贮混合比例。试验设金荞麦与青贮玉米混合的比例共6组,分别为100:0(CK),10:90(A),30:70(B),50:50(C),70:30(D)和90:10(E),青贮40天后开封检测。结果表明:随着金荞麦比例的增加,青贮饲料感官品质下降,pH显著升高(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙、磷的含量均显著提高(P0.05),粗脂肪、干物质含量显著下降(P0.05)。通过对青贮饲料有机酸含量进行评价,其变化情况与感官评价及pH变化一致,即金荞麦比例越高,评价得分越低。综合考虑,青贮饲料中金荞麦比例不宜过高,从金荞麦利用最大化角度出发,以B组比例青贮为佳。     

低温条件下混合乳酸菌制剂对芦苇发酵品质的影响

为探讨低温条件下混合乳酸菌制剂对芦苇(Phragmites australis Cav.Trin.ex Sterd.)发酵品质的影响,对含水量为40%的芦苇添加混合乳酸菌制,分别设计4℃和0℃的发酵温度,密封发酵,分别取3,4,5,6,7和8周的发酵样品分析。结果表明:在0℃条件下,发酵后第5周pH值出现显著下降(P<0.05),第8周NDF含量显著降低(P<0.05)。在4℃条件下,发酵第3周起pH值一直保持在4.20以下。在相同发酵时间内,4℃条件比0℃条件时的pH值显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸菌数量、乳酸产量显著提高(P<0.05),乙酸产量显著降低(P<0.05)。在低温条件下,对每克干物质添加6.63(lg CFU·g^-1DM)的混合乳酸菌,可使含水量为40%的芦苇启动发酵。为保证得到优良发酵质量,发酵时间应在6周以上。     

Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa,and effect of defaunation on fatty acid profile in the rumen with special reference to conjugated linoleic acid in cattle

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.     

甘肃河西五种甘草属植物的植物学特性及药用价值研究

为探索5种甘草属植物在甘肃河西地区的生态适应性及药用价值,以栽培甘草、胀果甘草、光果甘草、刺果甘草及黄甘草为研究对象,对其植物学特性及根部甘草酸、甘草苷含量进行比较研究。结果表明,在甘肃河西地区栽培的5种甘草属植物学特性差异明显;刺果甘草主茎高、小叶数及地上部分鲜重最高,黄甘草居最低水平;甘草根长显著高于其他4个种,但根部鲜重与光果甘草、胀果甘草及刺果甘草无显著差异;甘草酸、甘草苷含量均为3年生比2年生显著增加;3年生根中甘草酸含量除刺果甘草含量最低,其他4个种均达到药典标准,而甘草苷含量则只有甘草达到药典标准。综合各农艺性状和活性成分指标,认为在甘肃河西荒漠化地区,甘草具有较好的生态适应性,可作为甘草药材的基源植物推广种植,而刺果甘草则可作为河西地区重要的防风固沙作物。     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations of Repeatedly Defoliated Red and White Clovers in Central Kentucky

Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for each harvest, and starch was quantified for two harvests. Mean monthly WSC concentrations ranged from 80 to 99 mg/g (freeze-dried weight basis), whereas mean starch concentrations were 31 and 40 mg/g. In September, white clover had 14% more WSCs than red clover (P < .0001). Water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were 10% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001). Starch concentrations were 290% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the afternoon averaged 150 mg/g. Further studies are needed to determine whether the mixed grass-legume pastures of central Kentucky accumulate enough nonstructural carbohydrates to present risk factors for equine metabolic or digestive dysfunction.     

Comparison of the antioxidant activities of 22 commonly used culinary herbs and spices on the lipid oxidation of pork meat

The antioxidant activities of 22 selected culinary herbs and spices (i.e. ginger, cinnamon, clove, bay, sage, rosemary, thyme, savory, oregano, sweet basil, parsley, coriander, tarragon, sansho, allspice, cumin, black and white peppercorns, nutmeg, caraway, dill and fennel) when they were added to pork homogenate were measured and expressed as a thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. The addition of liquid extracts of all the herbs and spices significantly suppressed lipid oxidation of the pork, especially the extracts of sansho, sage and ginger, which showed the strongest inhibition of lipid oxidation.     

富硒鸡不同部位硒含量及脂肪酸组成研究

本文探讨通过富硒饲料饲养的富硒鸡不同部位中硒含量及脂肪酸组成。分别取富硒饲养鸡不同部位,包括皮、褐色脂肪、白色脂肪、胸肌、腿肌、肌胃、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、蛋;各样本采用微波消解法(MD)消解,然后用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测硒含量。以正己烷抽提样本中脂肪,经三氯化硼-甲醇甲酯化后,采用GC-MS进行脂肪酸组成进行分析。各检测部位中,硒含量依次为:肌胃>白色脂肪>皮>蛋>肾脏>肝脏>腿肌>心脏>褐色脂肪>胸肌。肌胃中硒含量最高为2639.19 ng/g,胸肌中硒含量最低为129.76 ng/g。脂肪酸组成分析结果显示,白色脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量最高为88.07%,胸肌不饱和脂肪酸含量最高为68.44%。本次检测结果显示富硒饲料在母鸡不同部位硒含量不同,不同部位脂肪酸组成也不相同,本实验结果对富硒鸡中营养成分的利用提供参考。     

Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in broiler chickens fed on corn-soybean diets affects performance in the finisher period and energy metabolites in breast muscle independent of diet nutrient density

(1) Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the single immediate endogenous precursor of creatine (Cr). It was hypothesised that dietary GAA would have different effects on performance and energy metabolites in breast muscle depending on the nutrient density (ND) of corn-soybean-based diets.

(2) A total of 540 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were allocated to 9 dietary treatments with 6 replicates (10 birds each) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three levels of ND (low, 2800; medium, 2950 and high, 3100 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg; and with the other nutrients being constant relative to ME) and supplemented with three levels of GAA (0, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg) in a 42-d feeding trial.

(3) In the starter and grower periods, increasing levels of ND improved body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), with the exception of ADFI in the starter period. GAA supplementation did not affect performance characteristics. All performance indicators responded markedly to increasing ND in the finisher period, whereas the highest GAA level reduced ADFI compared to the unsupplemented control (156 vs. 162 g/d) and concomitantly FCR (1.81 vs. 1.93). No interactive effects were noted for any performance trait. The high ND diet resulted in more breast meat yield on d42, associated with higher fat content and darker colour compared to the other ND levels. The GAA supplementation did not affect carcass and breast traits. At the end of the experiment, Cr was elevated when feeding GAA at 1.2 g/kg (5455 vs. 4338 mg/kg fresh muscle).

(4) To conclude, ND had a substantial effect on performance and carcass traits, whereas any effect of GAA was limited to FCR in the finisher period and independent of diet ND level.     

Effects of in ovo injection of chrysin,quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability,somatic attributes,hepatic oxidative status and early post‐hatch performance of broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of chrysin, quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability, somatic attributes, hepatic antioxidant status and early post‐hatch growth performance of broiler chicks. Four hundred and eighty embryonated broiler breeder eggs containing live 18‐day‐old embryos were divided into six groups of 80 eggs each. One group remained intact and served as a control group (i), whereas the other five groups were injected with the prepared injection solutions as follows: (ii) 0.05 ml distilled water; (iii) 0.05 ml distilled water containing 6 mg ascorbic acid; (iv) 0.05 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); (v) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg quercetin; and (vi) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg chrysin. The hatchability rate, hatching weight, residual yolk sac weight, yolk sac‐free body weight, liver weight, hepatic glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities, as well as malondialdehyde concentrations, were not affected by the injected solutions. There were no differences between chicks hatched from the control and in ovo injected eggs in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio from 0 to 11 days of age. However, the specific contrast performed between the in ovo injected groups and intact eggs revealed that in ovo injection significantly increased hatchability rate (p = .0493). This finding also implies that our injection procedure was harmless. In conclusion, the intra‐egg injection of chrysin, quercetin or ascorbic acid at the injection rates used in this study did not have a significant effect on hatchability, somatic characteristics, early growth performance and hepatic antioxidant status of broiler chicks. However, the overall hatchability was higher in the in ovo injected eggs as compared to non‐injected ones. These findings also confirmed the harmlessness of the procedure developed for in ovo injection in this study.     

甘草提取物对酒精性肝损伤的防治作用研究

以酒精性肝损伤小鼠为动物模型,探讨甘草提取物对酒精性肝损伤的防治作用.将64只昆明系小白鼠随机分为8组,即正常对照组、治疗组（低、中、高剂量）、预防组（低、中、高剂量）、模型组.模型组以56度白酒16 mL/kg灌胃,预防组和治疗组在酒精灌胃的基础上分别采用低（4.8 g/kg）、中（9.6 g/kg）、高（16 g/kg）不同剂量甘草提取物灌胃,连续14 d,取血液和肝脏样品,测定肝组织谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）及血清乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）含量,同时采用H.E染色对肝组织进行组织学观察.血样测定结果表明,与模型组比较,低剂量预防组和治疗组GOT降低均不明显,中、高剂量预防组和治疗组GOT降低显著（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;低剂量治疗组（P＜0.05）和其他给药组（P＜0.01）均能显著降低GPT含量;中、高剂量治疗组（P＜0.05）和低、中剂量预防组（P＜0.05）与高剂量预防组（P＜0.01）均能显著提升ADH含量;组织学观察表明,与模型组比较,中、高剂量治疗组及预防组能有效缓解和恢复肝损伤组织结构.提示甘草提取物对酒精引起的肝损伤具有一定的保护和治疗作用.