Anthropogenic spreading of anguillid herpesvirus 1 by stocking of infected farmed European eels,Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the Schlei fjord in northern Germany

The Schlei fjord in northern Germany is the recipient water of a comprehensive eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), stocking programme. Since 2015, stocked eels become alizarin red S marked, but to date no control mechanism is implemented in this stock enhancement measure to prevent anthropogenic spreading of diseases. Consequentially, it was possible that farmed stocking cohorts of 2015 and 2016 (in total ca. 1040 kg) were subsequently tested positive for anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV 1). For this study, 100 eels [total length (TL) 24.3–72.9 cm, age ca. 1–6 years] were caught in 2016 and investigated with regard to AngHV 1 infection, parasite load (Anguillicoloides crassus) and body conditions. 68% of the eels were found to be virus positive while larger specimens were more often infected. In addition, a fitted generalized linear model (area under the curve = 0.741) demonstrated that an increase in individual TL is accompanied with an increased risk of clinically relevant virus loads. Anguillicoloides crassus turned out to be an important stressor for eels, because parasite and virus load revealed a significant positive correlation. The results of this study evidently show the urgent need of a disease containment strategy for eel stocking programmes.     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

显像管玻壳铅尘环境化学行为的研究

以显像管玻壳铅尘为对象,通过测定铅在不同深度的土壤中各种形态的含量,系统地研究了玻壳铅尘在土壤中的形态及其在土壤剖面中的迁移转化规律,为农业铅污染的防治提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in organs of five freshwater teleosts

The activity and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) were characterized in the brain, heart, white skeletal muscle and liver of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), wels (Silurus glanis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), belonging in four families. The brain had the highest (between 183.2±10.6 and 1361.2±189.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 4.7±0.4 and 23.5±2.7 U g^-1 wet tissue) and the liver the lowest (between 25.3±1.9 and 126.5±22.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 1.0±0.1 and 4.5±0.5 U g^-1 wet tissue) activity in all these fish, with the exception of the wels, where the heart contained the smallest amount of AChE (26.2±7.5 mU mg^-1 protein and 1.2±0.3 U g^-1 wet tissue). The highest tissue AChE activity was found in the carp and lowest in the sturgeon. The solubility properties and molecular forms of AChE in the four tissues were studied by extraction in high-salt medium (1.0 M NaCl) with and without the detergent Triton X-100 (0.5%, v/v). The proportions of detergent-soluble (DS) and salt-soluble (SS) forms of AChE varied considerably from one species to another, but a general tendency could be observed: the proportion of DS AChE was generally higher in the brain (between 70.4±4.1 and 82.5±1.2%) and lower in the heart (between 12.0±2.0 and 51.3±2.3%) and skeletal muscle (between 16.0±2.0 and 64.4±0.7%). Velocity sedimentation centrifugation revealed that most tissues contained the G₄ or A₄ form. Three tissues (brain, heart, and liver) of the Siberian sturgeon contained a relatively high proportion of the G1 form (between 24.3±2.4 and 28.6±4.9%), while the skeletal muscle of the wels contained only the most complex type of AChE, i.e., A₁₂. Amongst the tissues studied, the brain and liver mostly contained amphiphilic globular forms of the G₄ type, while the heart and skeletal muscle were rich in asymmetric forms (A₄ and A₁₂). It was concluded that the differences revealed in the activities of AChE and in the distribution of its molecular forms may be connected with the variation in behavioral habits (feeding and swimming patterns), and the developmental stage of the nervous system.     

黄鳝烂尾病病原的研究

从发病黄鳝的病灶部位分离到 HS1 菌株。用 HS1 菌株人工感染体重 2 0～ 30 g的黄鳝 ,感染的黄鳝出现与自然发病黄鳝相似的症状 ,并从感染黄鳝的病灶中分离到与原菌株相同的细菌 ,证实 HS1 菌株是引起黄鳝烂尾病的病原。经细菌的形态、培养及生理生化特性测定 ,HS1 菌株鉴定为产碱假单胞菌 ( Pseudomonasalcaligenes) ,并进行了药敏试验     

4种中药三联用对鳗鲡致病菌的抑制作用

应用超微粉碎法将虎杖、石榴皮、大黄以及五倍子4种中药进行加工处理至粒径为5～10μm后,组成4个三联用的中药复方,针对近年来从福建各地养殖场病鳗中常检测到的9株致病菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定其抑菌最低浓度.试验结果表明:虎杖、石榴皮、大黄和五倍子组合的4个中药复方对9株养殖鳗鲡主要致病菌均有一定的协同抑制作用,其协同效应因...     

微孔曝气增氧技术在鳗鲡养殖中的应用

比较研究了鳗鱼养殖中应用微孔曝气增氧与水车式增氧机增氧两种方式的增氧效果.结果表明：在未载鱼情况下,两种增氧方式的增氧能力具有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）,微孔曝气增氧方式比水车式增氧机增氧方式的单位水体增氧能力提高了15.85%,增氧动力效率是水车式增氧机增氧的2.36倍.在载鱼养殖情况下,使用微孔曝气增氧的试验池表层水的平均溶解氧值显著低于使用水车式增氧机增氧的值（P〈0.05）,但底层水的溶解氧两者没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,且溶解氧值都大于5 mg/L.微孔曝气增氧方式单位养殖水体的用电量比水车式增氧机增氧节省57.6%,且无安全隐患.由于微孔曝气增氧池水的流动性小,鱼类活动消耗的能量减少,且水温较高,因此,使用微孔曝气增氧方式的鳗鲡养殖效果较好.     

中国沿海河口地区鳗苗的群体生态和群体结构

本报道了１９９２－１９９５年间对中国沿上代表性河口鳗苗的群体生态（包括溯河的生态条件，日龄生长、食性、对温度和盐度变化的适应力、耗氧率、室息点、耐铠力）和群体结构（全长、体重和日龄结构）的研究结果。     

黄鳝体长与血清胆固醇含量关系的分析

测定了不同体长黄鳝血清的胆固醇含量,发现黄鳝体长(x)与血清胆固醇含量(y)之间存在极显著的直线相关,回归方程y=6.059x 2.164,相关系数r=0.628 6.     

Difference in factors explaining growth rate variability in European eel subpopulations: the possible role of habitat carrying capacity

As a key parameter in the management of fish populations, individual growth rate (GR) variations were examined in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla; > 150 mm) using extensive mark–recapture surveys in the lotic habitats of two small rivers of western France: the Frémur, supposed to be saturated, and at the same latitude, the Oir with densities fivefold lower than those of the Frémur. In both systems, generalised linear models were used to test whether spatiotemporal factors such as dominant habitat type or local density affect GR variability. In the presumed unsaturated system, the Oir, GR variability is mainly explained by a set of habitat suitability drivers (density, dominant habitat type). In the Frémur, GRs appear independent of differences in habitat density or productivity. Below saturation, an increase in density will decrease the GR through intraspecific competition. At saturation, intraspecific competition reaches such high levels that regardless of eel density and productivity, the resources available by individual are similar throughout the system. In these circumstances, the effect of density on growth was presumed undetectable. Despite these contrasted results, mean GRs observed in both catchments were closed (~20 mm·year^?1). This is an unexpected result as GR is expected to be higher in unsaturated systems. This similarity could be explained by the difference between the two systems in terms of: (i) sex ratio (the Frémur is dominated by male, whereas the female is dominant in the Oir), (ii) habitat type distribution or (iii) possible interspecific competition (important salmonid populations in the Oir).