Natural occurrence of fusarium head blight,mycotoxins and mycotoxin‐producing isolates of Fusarium in commercial fields of wheat in Hubei

Combined analyses of the natural occurrence of fusarium head blight (FHB), mycotoxins and mycotoxin‐producing isolates of Fusarium spp. in fields of wheat revealed FHB epidemics in 12 of 14 regions in Hubei in 2009. Mycotoxin contamination ranged from 0·59 to 15·28 μg g^?1 in grains. Of the causal agents associated with symptoms of FHB, 84% were Fusarium asiaticum and 9·5% were Fusarium graminearum, while the remaining 6·5% were other Fusarium species. Genetic chemotyping demonstrated that F. asiaticum comprised deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐AcDON), 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (15‐AcDON) and nivalenol (NIV) producers, whereas F. graminearum only included DON and 15‐AcDON producers. Compared with the chemotype patterns in 1999, there appeared to be a modest shift towards 3‐AcDON chemotypes in field populations during the following decade. However, isolates genetically chemotyped as 3‐AcDON were present in all regions, whereas the chemical 3‐AcDON was only detected in three of the 14 regions where 3‐AcDON accounted for 15–20% of the DON and acetylated forms. NIV mycotoxins were detected in seven regions, six of which also yielded NIV chemotypes. The number of genetic 3‐AcDON producers was positively correlated with amounts of total mycotoxins (DON, NIV and acetylated forms) or DON in wheat grains. Chemical analyses of wheat grains and rice cultures inoculated with different isolates from the fields confirmed their genetic chemotypes and revealed a preferential biosynthesis of 3‐AcDON and 4‐AcNIV in rice. These findings suggest the importance of chemotyping coupled with species identification for improved prediction of mycotoxin contamination in wheat.     

Modelling population dynamics of Sinapis arvensis in organically grown spring wheat production systems

Although we know that alterations in crop density, crop spatial pattern and inclusion of more selective weed control can improve weed suppression for organic growers, it is unknown whether these result in changes to the weed seedbank that increase cropping system profitability over time. Data collected from field trials conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Maine, USA, comparing regional grower practices (Standard) with management that aimed to (i) facilitate better physical weed control through the use of wide row spacing and inter‐row cultivation (Wide) or (ii) enhance crop–weed competition through increased seeding rate and narrow inter‐row spacing (Narrow HD), were used to construct a matrix population model with an economic sub‐model. Using field measurements of grain yield and weed survival and fecundity, we investigated the lasting implications of employing alternative organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) production practices on Sinapis arvensis population dynamics. In most scenarios, the model indicated that regional production practices were not sufficient to prevent an increase in the weed seedbank, even with excellent weed control. The two alternative methods, on the other hand, were able to limit weed population growth when initial densities were low or cultivation efficacy was >80%. Due to higher seed costs in the Narrow HD system, net returns were still lower after 10 years of simulation in this system compared with wide rows with cultivation, despite a lower weed seedbank.     

肚倍蚜越冬种群空间格局及抽样技术研究

调查结果表明，肚倍蚜（ＫｕｂｕｒａｇｉａｒｈｕｓｉｃｏｌａＴａｋａｇｉ）越冬种群在自然气候室内不同层次、方向的越冬寄主上的分布无本质差异，空间格局符合“复合波松”等理论分布型，由三重疏松个体群组成，个体群面积分别为２８，２０个和１２ｃｍ￣２，个体群平均有虫３．８４５３头，在此基础上建立了理论抽样模型。抽样方法比较结果以五点取样，每点在相邻两层冬寄主上取样１０个（×４ｃｍ￣２）代表性最好。     

Ac/Ds转座子激活标签技术研究进展

随着植物基因组测序工作的迅速发展,植物功能基因组学已经成为植物分子生物学研究的重要内容,而大量有表型的突变体是进行功能基因组学研究的重要基础。Ac/Ds转座子激活标签技术(Ac/Ds transposonactivation tagging system)的产生使Ac/Ds转座子标签技术具有了产生显性突变的功能,并可避免在突变体库创建过程中进行大量繁重的人工转基因操作,是比较理想的植物功能基因组学研究工具。本文将对Ac/Ds转座子激活标签技术在发展过程中利用不同激活标签创建植物突变体库的研究进行介绍,并对近二十几年来报道的相关应用研究展开论述,以期对该领域的技术进步和应用研究提供一些有益的启发和参考。     

河南省实现产业集聚和人口集中的现状、问题及对策——基于商丘、周口、平顶山市的调研

当前,在中原经济区规划方案已经出台,河南各地市产业集聚区主导产业基本确立、土地利用相对节约、人口流动相对有序;但仍有不少问题需要尽快解决。主要体现在:集聚区内龙头企业带动能力不强、缺乏自主创新品牌、融资渠道不畅、政府服务平台建设迟滞、土地利用密度不够、人口迁移成本过高等方面。要解决这些问题,必须加强公共服务信息平台建设,实现信息共享、资源统一配置;尽快培育龙头、加快研发、严格规划、合理引导;引导农村人口向县城及中心城市转移、进一步放开户籍管理、推进城乡一体化的社会保障制度建设等。     

河南省主要农作物秸秆生物质资源定量评价及其地理分布

利用河南省2006-2010年的统计资料和数据,对河南省主要农作物秸秆生物质资源的蕴藏量、可利用量、能量密度等进行了定量测算,并对其地理分布格局进行了探讨,旨在为河南省制定相关的产业政策提供参考。结果表明:(1)河南省的秸秆实物蕴藏量为8.97×1011t,秸秆生物质能实物总蕴藏潜力为1.34×1018J,理论可利用的量为1.14×1018J,主要分布在驻马店、周口、南阳、商丘和信阳;(2)依据各地区秸秆分布及其资源条件等具体情况,划分了重点开发利用区(驻马店、周口、南阳、商丘和信阳)、适度开发利用区(新乡、安阳、开封、许昌、洛阳、濮阳、平顶山、焦作、郑州、漯河)、不宜开发利用区(鹤壁、三门峡、济源),并对各区提出了不同的开发利用措施。     

QTL Mapping for Dough Mixing Characteristics in a Recombinant Inbred Population Derived from a Waxy×Strong Gluten Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）

Protein and starch are the most important traits in determining processing quality in wheat. In order to understand the genetic basis of the influence of Waxy protein (Wx) and high molecular weight gluten subunit (HMW-GS) on processing quality, 256 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of waxy wheat Nuomai 1 and Gaocheng 8901 were used as mapping population. DArT (diversity arrays technology), SSR (simple sequence repeat), HMW-GS, and Wx markers were used to construct the molecular genetic linkage map. QTLs for mixing peak time (MPT), mixing peak value (MPV), mixing peak width (MPW), and mixing peak integral (MPI) of Mixograph parameters were evaluated in three different environments. The genetic map comprised 498 markers, including 479 DArT, 14 SSR, 2 HMW-GS, and 3 Wx protein markers, covering 4 229.7 cM with an average distance of 9.77 cM. These markers were identified on 21 chromosomes. Eighteen additive QTLs were detected in three different environments, which were distributed on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 4A, 6A, and 7D. QMPT-1D.1 and QMPT-1D.2 were close to the Glu-D1 marker accounting for 35.2, 22.22 and 36.57% of the phenotypic variance in three environments, respectively. QMPV-1D and QMPV-4A were detected in all environments, and QMPV-4A was the nearest to Wx-B1. One minor QTL, QMPI-1A, was detected under three environments with the genetic distances of 0.9 cM from the nearest marker Glu-A1, explaining from 5.31 to 6.67% of the phenotypic variance. Three pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2D and 4A. Therefore, this genetic map is very important and useful for quality trait related QTL mapping in wheat. In addition, the finding of several major QTLs, based on the genetic analyses, further suggested the importance of Glu-1 loci on dough mixing characteristics.     

大东山不同海拔长柄双花木种群形态特征比较

在样地调查基础上,比较研究了南岭大东山不同海拔高度(低、中、高)的3个长柄双花木天然和1个火烧迹地种群的形态学特征.结果表明,3个天然种群的形态特征基本一致,尤其是群落乔木层物种数和郁闭度.中海拔的天然种群中总丛数最大,但平均每丛的分株数最小.总个体数和密度随海拔上升而下降;乔木层个体所占比例、平均高度、平均地径则随海拔上升而增大.3个天然种群个体的地径与胸径、地径与高度的5种函数(指数、线性、对数、多项式和乘幂)的相关系数均达极显著水平,地径与胸径的相关系数均为多项式＞线性＞指数＞乘幂＞对数,地径与高度相关系数均以线性和指数式的最低.火烧迹地种群因火后恢复时间短,多数形态指标均显著小于各天然种群.     

不同养殖群体虾夷扇贝数量性状的相关性与通径分析

对不同养殖群体虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis各数量性状间的相关性及影响体质量的因素进行了分析,随机选取山东牟平、山东莱州、大连广鹿岛、大连獐子岛4个养殖群体的虾夷扇贝共计287枚,测量其壳长(x1)、壳宽(x2)、壳高(x3)、活体质量(y)和放射肋数(x4)等指标,比较分析了4个虾夷扇贝养殖群体数量性状对活体质量的影响及不同群体间的形态差异;采用相关性分析和通径分析法分析了4个虾夷扇贝群体间各数量性状与活体质量的关系,建立了各群体数量性状的回归方程.相关性分析结果表明,4个虾夷扇贝群体的壳长、壳宽、壳高对活体质量的相关系数为0.727 ～0.988,均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);通径分析结果表明,牟平、莱州、广鹿岛、獐子岛4个群体的壳高对活体质量的直接作用均最大,分别为0.526、0.422、0.485和0.632,说明壳高是影响4个虾夷扇贝群体活体质量的主要因素;獐子岛群体的壳长对活体质量的间接作用最大,而其他3个群体均是壳宽对活体质量的间接作用最大,说明不同群体之间出现了差异;采用逐步回归方法,建立了4个虾夷扇贝养殖群体活体质量的最优回归方程分别为y牟平=-94.540+0.565x1+1.491x2+0.968x3,y莱州=-158.247+0.996x1+1.469x2+0.804x3,y广鹿岛=-110.501+0.710x1 +0.629x2 +0.861x3 +0.321x4,y獐子岛=-187.897 +0.397x1 +2.064x2 +2.556x3 +0.118x4,回归关系均达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01).研究表明,不同养殖群体虾夷扇贝的形态存在显著差异.     

天然阔叶林优势种群空间格局及其关联性分析

天然栎类阔叶混交林是皖南山区低山丘陵常见植被类型。本文以铜陵县叶山林场天然栎类阔叶林为研究对象,通过大样地调查,采用Ripley’s K（d）点格局分析法对优势种群空间格局及其关联性进行了分析。结果表明,优势种群栎类直径分布呈偏左正态分布,具有同龄林直径分布特点,为发展种群。在种群空间格局上,麻栎在0～39 m的尺度上为聚集分布,在40~42 m尺度上为随机分布,在大于41 m尺度上为均匀分布。青冈栎在0~40 m尺度上聚集分布,在41~47 m尺度上呈现随机分布,大于47 m尺度上均匀分布。在种群的空间关联性上,麻栎和青冈栎在0~34 m尺度上负相关,在大于43 m的尺度上呈现出显著的正相关。麻栎和青冈栎大树（胸径≥20 mm）和小树（胸径＜20 mm）之间的关联性都表现为小尺度上（0~25 m）正关联,大尺度（51~65 m）上的负关联,中等尺度上（26~50 m）的不显著关联。在大多尺度上,栎类与其伴生树种都无显著关联。