Growth and survival of three small abalone Haliotis diversicolor populations and their reciprocal crosses

The aquaculture industry of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor in southern China is now close to collapse because of high mortality at the grow-out stage. To examine if survival and growth (shell length increase) could be improved by cross breeding among populations, a 3 × 3 complete diallel cross was conducted among three populations from Japan (A), Taiwan (B) and Vietnam (C). Performances in growth rate and survival at early juvenile, later juvenile and grow-out stages were compared among the six reciprocal cross lines and three parental lines. Magnitude of heterosis for survival and growth varied among cross lines in the three growing stages. As to mid-parent heterosis, H _AB was significantly ( P <0.01) higher than H _AC and H _BC at all three growing stages for both growth and survival, and all mid-parent heterosis fell between the two corresponding single-parent heterosis. H _AB was 6.84% for shell length and 69.09% for survival at Day 420. Our results of high survival heterosis in line AB and line BA show that crossbreeding between different populations can benefit the small abalone breeding programs and the industry.     

Sex change and the genetic structure of marine fish populations

The interaction between environmental forces and dispersal characteristics is largely responsible for the patterns of population structure in marine fish. Yet, crucial gaps in knowledge on life-histories and the relative contributions of numerous environmental factors still hinder a thorough understanding of marine population connectivity. One life-history trait so far overlooked by most fish population geneticists is sequential hermaphroditism, whereby individuals first mature as one sex and later in life reverse into the other sex. Population genetic theory predicts that sex-changing fish will present a higher potential for more spatially structured populations than gonochoristic species, as a result of their naturally skewed sex ratio, which is expected to reduce effective population size and hence increase genetic drift. We gathered published data on genetic population structure in marine fish, as summarized by the popular F _ST index, and – after controlling for several potentially confounding factors – we tested the hypothesis that sex-changing species are more genetically structured than gonochoristic ones. Although we found no evidence to support the theoretical expectations, our results suggest new working hypotheses that can stimulate new research avenues at the intersection between physiology, genetics and fisheries science.     

Lessons from the past: investigating historical data from bluefin tuna fisheries

In 1963, the leading fisheries targeting Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus ) in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea suddenly collapsed without any warning. Little is known about this collapse and several hypotheses have been put forward, such as changes in migratory routes, recruitment failure or eradication of a sub-population: all of these hypotheses could result from natural causes and/or from overfishing. To help explain this mysterious event, an original data set of the main bluefin tuna fisheries of the 20th century, including total catch and size composition of the catch, has been compiled and analysed. The results reveal a strong and unambiguous link between the Nordic purse seine and Spanish trap fisheries during the 1950s and 1960s. However, this link vanished during the 1970s. In addition, the North-west Atlantic and Mediterranean trap fisheries appeared also to be partially connected to the Nordic fisheries. During the 1950s and 1960s, the main migration routes of bluefin tuna were probably from the Mediterranean spawning grounds and from the West Atlantic coasts to the Norwegian coast and North Sea, which were probably a key feeding ground at that time. The analyses also lead to the conclusion that interactions between environmental, trophic and fishing processes have probably affected bluefin tuna migration patterns which would have finally caused the Nordic fisheries collapse. This retrospective analysis finally leads to an original – albeit more speculative – hypothesis concerning Atlantic bluefin tuna population structure, therein conjectured as an assemblage of at least three sub-populations.     

合浦珠母贝3个养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星分子标记对我国广东大亚湾、广西北海、海南三亚的合浦珠母贝养殖群体进行了遗传多样性分析.从49对引物中筛选出31对有效扩增引物,种群扩增获得9个多态位点,多态位点比例为29.03%.它们在3个群体共96个个体中产生了44个等位基因,平均每个位点产生4.889个.3个群体的平均期望杂合度分别为0.590、0.600、0.615;平均观察杂合度分别是0.393、0.425、0.325;平均多态信息含量PIC值分别是0.530、0.551、0.556.表明3个群体的遗传多样性处于较高水平.平均遗传偏离指数分别为-0.324、-0.336、-0.304;哈代-温伯格平衡检测发现,3个群体27个位点中21个位点偏离平衡状态.遗传分化和遗传距离分析表明,海南群体与广东群体之间的亲缘关系较近,而与广西群体的亲缘关系较远.     

The status of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera Linn. in Scotland

1. One hundred and sixty rivers in Scotland with historical records of freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera were surveyed between 1996 and 1999 for the presence of the species. 2. M. margaritifera populations were classed as either ‘extinct’ (no mussels remaining), ‘not currently viable’ (ranging from only dead shells present to no juveniles present, regardless of the number of adults found), or ‘functional’ (at least one juvenile was found, regardless of the overall numbers of adults present). 3. M. margaritifera populations could be classed as ‘functional’ in only 52 rivers (34% of total surveyed) and in only 17 of these were juveniles below 20 mm (5 yrs old) present. Furthermore, in only 10 of these functional rivers were mussels also still considered either to be common or abundant and these included both large easterly‐flowing rivers and small western rivers and streams. 4. In approximately two‐thirds (101) of the 155 rivers occupied 100 years ago, M. margaritifera is now extinct or is about to become extinct. Furthermore, analysis indicates that the rate of mussel population extinction has accelerated since 1970, with a recent average of two mussel river extinctions per year. 5. The predominant threat to the mussel populations has undoubtedly been pearl fishing. This has been occurring at every river, even in the most remote northwest areas, where most of the ‘functional’ populations remain. Recent legislation has provided full protection to M. margaritifera, so that all pearl harvesting is now illegal. 6. Locally, river engineering and host salmonid stock decline poses a serious threat and eutrophication has already eliminated populations in southern and eastern Scotland. 7. In every part of its global range, M. margaritifera has declined substantially and is now either threatened with extinction or is highly vulnerable. Based on recent estimates from across the species range, it appears that Scotland now probably holds at least half of the world's remaining functional M. margaritifera populations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚洲玉米螟为害对玉米产量的影响与防治指标研究

为明确玉米螟为害对玉米造成的经济损失,制定合理的防治指标,及时进行科学防治,2018年和2019年调查了田间自然条件下玉米螟在不同品种上发生为害情况,对虫口密度与产量损失率的关系进行了统计分析.结果 表明,2018年玉米螟发生为害程度明显重于2019年;雌穗受害程度明显高于茎秆.虫口密度在0～4头/株范围内与单稳重呈负...     

保护地黄瓜截形叶螨种群动态的研究

截形叶螨在保护地黄瓜上的空间格局为聚集分布．分布的基本成分为个体群,聚集强度与叶螨的密度有关,随着密度的上升而下降;截形叶螨在保护地黄瓜上呈指数增长,模型为N1=1．3634e^0.31261(R=0．9174^**)。应用最优分割法将截形叶螨种群动态划分为3个阶段：初建期、发展期和高峰期。在种群初建期,截形叶螨开始迁入,数量较低,以扩散为主,分布不均匀,聚集强度较高;在发展期,截形叶螨种群不断扩散,分布日均匀,聚集强度逐渐下降;在高峰期,截形叶螨种群数量急剧增长到高峰,聚集强度继续下降,此阶段由于黄瓜接近成熟及受害枯萎．截形叶螨因缺少食物而数量急剧下降。     

水稻秧池一代二化螟卵量与秧苗叶龄关系及其应用

以水稻秧池秧苗叶龄与当时田间一代二化螟累计卵量占全代卵量的百分率为相关因子,建立直线回归预测式,其相关达极显著水平。由此预测一代二化螟发生趋势,方法简便,准确性高,并揭示出秧池一代二化螟累计卵量与秧苗叶龄关系的规律,从而提出了防治工作“两查两定”的新方法。     

南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机作业效果研究

为考察自行研制的南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机大田作业效果,以原谷珍香为供试品种进行大田试验,并设置现有的常规秸秆还田机作业进行对照,通过对早稻不同高度的留茬秸秆进行还田作业,考察了该机具的耕作效果,并研究了对后茬晚稻机插质量、群体质量构建及产量和产量构成等指标的影响。结果显示,较对照,同一留茬高度时,经自行研制的南方双季稻区水田高留茬秸秆还田机处理的效果显著,其耕深、耕深稳定性、埋茬深度、耕后地面平整度和植被覆盖率分别平均提升5.18%、4.64%、20.85%、21.61%和4.43%,漏插率、漂秧率、伤秧率和翻倒率分别平均降低28.79%、23.17%、29.84%和45.02%,均匀度合格率和插秧深度合格率分别平均提高1.40%和1.65%,茎蘖数平均提高2.52%～6.62%,SPAD值（移栽后27 d始）平均提高3.59%～6.53%,地上部干物质重（插秧后34 d始）平均提高1.78%～4.81%,穗干重和收获指数分别平均提高3.39%和2.16%,有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率和理论产量分别平均提高2.52%、1.34%、0.08%、1.41%和5.47%,实际产量平均增产268.86 kg·hm^-2,平均增产率4.09%。该机具对秸秆的留茬高度适应性强,作业效果好,适宜在南方双季稻区水田进行推广应用。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus) 4个地理群体体色差异分析

对鸭绿江口、莱州湾、海州湾、舟山4个野生群体的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)头胸甲颜色进行观察及大螯斑点、头胸甲斑点、游泳足斑点数量统计,采用单因子方差分析和判别分析法对其进行比较。结果显示,4个地理群体头胸甲颜色存在显著差异,斑点数量存在显著或极显著差异;对样本所属群体进行判别分析,4个群体雌蟹的综合判别率为53.3%,其中海州湾最高,为83.3%;莱州湾最低,为30.0%;说明根据斑点数量不能精确完成个体群体归属判定。建立4个群体各自的判别函数公式,通过对同样环境下养殖的4个群体子代进行单因素方差分析,发现子代间差异减少;而家系结果显示,子代头胸甲颜色和亲本差异较大,斑点为中间型。综合以上数据初步判定,三疣梭子蟹体色受环境和遗传共同作用,且环境因素为主导因素。