中国大陆林木遗传育种学科1949—2003年的研究历程

运用文献计量法，统计了包括《建国以来森林培育学科专题文献数据库》、《中国期刊全文数据库》以及正式出版的全国性重要学术论文集，检索了中国学者基于国内工作在国际刊物和国际会议正式发表的学术论文，共获得自1949年以来的关于林木遗传育种学科论文10 000余篇.根据《图书资料分类法》，主要从育种、引种驯化和良种繁育几方面分类统计了各研究方向发表的论文数，以及树木生物学基础研究领域近10年来所发表的论文数.论述了林木遗传育种学科的发展趋势和所面临的问题.      

The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of Soviet wheat varieties

Summary One hundred and twenty-eight wheat varieties bred in the Soviet Union were screened for the composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin. In general, variability was low compared to that seen in varieties from other countries. However, varieties from different regions showed distinctive patterns, in some cases clearly due to the use of particular parents in certain breeding programmes, but in others possibly due to the adaptive value of particular alleles to the environmental conditions under which the varieties were bred. For example, among spring varieties, the Glu-D1 allele encoding subunits 2+12 was more common in varieties from areas with limited rainfall than was the allele encoding subunits 5+10.The pattern of HMW glutenin subunits amongst varieties with superior bread-making quality showed few differences from that amongst bread-making varieties of lower quality.Abbreviations BMQ bread-making quality - HMW high-molecular-weight - LMW low-molecular-weight - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis     

Inheritance of tolerance of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to metribuzin herbicide

Summary The inheritance of tolerance in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to metribuzin 4-amino-6-tert- butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one herbicide was investigated. A biossay using a nutrient solution culture in controlled environment growth cabinets was used to evaluate progeny from tolerant by susceptible tomato cultivar crosses for response to metribuzin. Fireball and Vision were used as tolerant cultivars and Heinz 1706 as a susceptible cultivar. Parental, F₁, F₂, and some backcross generations were studied. Visual phytotoxicity, seedling height, and seedling dry weight were recorded.The bioassay was effective for classification of the segregating generations. F₂, and progeny variance analysis suggested that the inheritance of tolerance to metribuzin was controlled by one major gene with modifiers. Heritability values of 0.58 to 0.72 indicated a potential for cultivar improvement through plant breeding.     

单元内混合家系遗传力的显著性检验

推导出单元内混合家系遗传力的抽样误差的准确公式和近似公式,可用于单元内混合家系遗传力的显著性检验,举例说明了这两种检验方法的应用.     

水稻广亲和性的遗传机制及其利用

水稻籼粳亚种间杂交具有强大的杂种优势,但杂种F1的育性问题严重阻碍其杂种优势的利用,水稻广亲和性被广泛认为是籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用的关键。本文重点概述了近年来水稻籼粳亚种间广亲和性的遗传学研究以及杂种不育基因的定位、克隆及其分子机制研究进展,并探讨了水稻亚种间杂种优势育种利用中存在的问题及解决思路。     

单体附加系甜菜及空中搭载实验材料相关性状的研究

为了探明远缘杂交甜菜单体附加系M14高频传递的遗传学机理,通过胚珠分离切割、花粉败育调查和含糖量单株检测等方法,对单体附加系甜菜及空中搭载实验材料的性状进行了分析研究。研究结果验证了单体附加系甜菜M14高频传递的遗传特性存在兼性无融合生殖现象。无融合生殖体的比例达96.5%,花粉败育程度高达90%以上,大孢子母细胞通过有丝分裂形成胚囊不需要精卵结合繁育后代;有性生殖体的比例占3.5%, 有性生殖体存在致死基因的可能性。单体附加系甜菜及空中搭载的实验样品含糖量均高于普通栽培甜菜。野生白花甜菜染色体携带的高糖、抗病、无融合生殖等基因决定了远缘杂交甜菜和空中搭载实验材料具有专属的遗传学性状。研究结果为进一步开拓野生白花甜菜有益基因进行染色体工程研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Genetic variation among populations of Pythium irregulare in southern Australia

Isolates of Pythium irregulare were sampled from seven cereal crops throughout South Australia to determine the extent of genetic diversity within this pathogen and the scale of genetic differentiation among populations. Data derived from 29 individual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci differentiated 54 DNA fingerprints among the 92 isolates analysed. Some isolates had two alleles at several RFLP loci and were scored as heterozygous. One such isolate was selfed in vitro and segregation ratios in the progeny were not significantly different from those expected for allelic variation in a diploid. These data provided evidence that outcrossing occurs within P. irregulare and may contribute to the high level of genetic variation within the species ( D _T = 0·502). Allelic frequencies were significantly different among all seven populations and G _ST values showed significant genetic differentiation between populations. The average genetic identity among populations was low and hierarchical cluster analysis provided no clear evidence that populations formed geographically related groups. These analyses indicate low levels of interpopulation gene flow within P. irregulare and imply that population differentiation results from genetic drift.     

Alleles at a quantitative trait locus for stem solidness in wheat affect temporal patterns of pith expression and level of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly

The stem solidness trait in wheat has been the most effective mechanism for management of the wheat stem sawfly (WSS) for six decades. However, recent results have shown that in certain genotypes, the degree of stem solidness is not a useful indicator of WSS resistance. A morphological characterization of solidness expression indicated that in the genotype ‘Conan’, very solid pith undergoes rapid retraction during stem maturation, resulting in significantly less solidness at maturity. In other solid‐stemmed genotypes, including the standard WSS‐resistant cultivar ‘Choteau’, dense pith in the stem remains nearly unchanged throughout plant development. In cage trials, ‘Conan’ plants were less preferred for oviposition by the WSS when paired with ‘Choteau’ plants. Field bioassays using near‐isogenic lines differing for alleles at Qss.msub‐3BL showed that the Conan allele provides higher levels of early stem solidness and rapid pith retraction during stem maturation. These results suggest that the traditional approach for increasing WSS resistance by selecting for increasing stem solidness needs to be modified to consider temporal variations in pith expression associated with alleles at Qss.msub‐3BL.     

Comparison of Chinese and Japanese A1 isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>

The mating type, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and peptidase (Pep) genotypes, RG57 fingerprint, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype of Chinese isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected in Hebei and Gansu in 1996 were compared with those of Japanese isolates collected during 1997–2000. The Chinese isolates were divided into four genotypes, one of which was identical to the dominant Japanese genotype, A1-A (mating type A1; Gpi 100/100; Pep 100/100; RG57 100010001100110100011001110: 1–25, 14a, and 24a; and mtDNA haplotype IIa). Comparison of the genotypes with reported data revealed that some completely and partially identical genotypes occur in Russia and parts of Europe. The other two A1 genotypes and one A2 genotype were also detected in Gansu (Gpi 100/100, Pep 100/100, and mtDNA haplotype Ia), which were regarded as unique to this region.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai]

An experiment was conducted to study the genetics and nature of gene action of resistance to watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus (WBNV) in watermelon. The experimental materials comprised of two resistant (BIL‐53 and IIHR‐19) and one susceptible (IIHR‐140) parents. Each of the resistant parents was crossed with the susceptible parent to develop six generations (P1, P2, F₁, F₂, BC1 and BC2) to study genetics. The results of segregation in F₂ and backcross progenies suggested that resistance is governed by a major dominant gene along with other background minor genes in both the crosses. BIL‐53 was found to possess higher degree of resistance with simple inheritance and hence may be of interest to breeders. Simple selection can be effective for improving the trait in the cross BIL‐53 × IIHR‐140 as additive gene action is prevalent.