成都市典型农家乐植物组成特征研究

本文在成都市北湖公园、农科村、三圣乡选取了60个成都市典型农家乐,对植物群落进行了调查和分析。结果表明:成都市典型农家乐植物群落中应用的乔木种类有56种,灌木种类83种,草本种类有118种,共计257种,分属91科184属。在植物种类组成方面,成都北湖公园的乔木种类所占比例最高,达到22.39%;郫县农科村的灌木种类所占的比例是最高的,达到36.55%;而三圣乡"五朵金花"的草本种类所占的比例最高,达到47.92%。农科村主要树木的平均胸径为13.32±9.07?,平均高度为5.53±2.49 m,在3个地方中均为最高。群落外貌方面,三圣乡"五朵金花"和郫县农科村农家乐以常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶的混交林为主,针叶林少。成都北湖公园则以常绿阔叶为主,落叶和针叶林少。60个农家乐平均配置乔木5.1±2.47(N=60)种,平均配置灌木8.77±3.41(N=60)种,平均拥有草本11.83±6.75(N=60)种,超过50%的植物种类为三地或两地共有,植物配置呈现明显的相似性。     

牛二酰甘油转酰基酶(DGAT1)基因的生物信息学分析

DGAT1基因作为影响奶牛产奶和肉牛肉质性状的主效基因之一,引起了人们越来越多的关注。本文应用生物信息学方法比较了人、牛、猪、绵羊等24个物种的DGAT1基因编码区(CDS)核苷酸和蛋白质序列,并对该基因的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明,DGAT1基因的CDS核苷酸和蛋白质序列长度多样性丰富;具有终止密码子偏爱性,包括牛在内的所有脊椎动物终止密码子都为TGA;在长度为1 187bp的33条基因序列中检测到992个多态位点,共生成26种单倍型。从聚类分析图可以看出,脊椎动物、无脊椎动物、植物和微生物的DGAT1基因之间存在着进化分歧,但界内差异较小。     

Current status and trends of wheat genetic transformation studies in China

More than 20 years have passed since the first report on successful genetic transformation of wheat. With the establishment and improvement of transformation platform, great progresses have been made on wheat genetic transformation both on its fundamental and applied studies in China, especially driven by the National Major Project for Transgenic Organism Breeding, China, initiated in 2008. In this review, wheat genetic transformation platform improvement and transgenic research progresses including new techniques applied and functional studies of wheat quality, yield and stress tolerant related genes and biosafety assessment are summarized. The existing problems and the trends in wheat transformation with traditional methods combined with genomic studies and genome editing technology are also discussed.     

云南省古林箐自然保护区物种多样性及保护

古林箐自然保护区位于北回归线以南,哀牢山南端以东的滇东南高原向东南半岛延伸的结合部,南亚热带与热带的过渡地带。在这特殊的自然地理条件下,成为我国三大生物多样性中心之一的滇东南—桂西北的核心部位,区内有发育完整,保存完好的森林生态系统和丰富的生物资源。但在管理中存在许多方面问题,据此提出保护措施。     

An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day⁻¹, with metabolic body weight = body weight^0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.     

长白和大白猪主要生长性状的遗传参数估计

旨在分析母猪的出生年份、出生季节、初生重、开测日龄等固定效应对长白、大白猪主要生长性状的影响,并对目标生长性状进行遗传参数估计（遗传力、遗传方差、表型相关和遗传相关）,为猪的遗传改良提供基本依据。本试验利用GLM模型分析试验猪群（398头长白猪和1 176头大白猪）的固定效应对猪生长性状的影响,并采用多性状动物模型对目标性状进行遗传参数估计。目标生长性状包括达100 kg体重日龄（age to 100 kg,AGE）、达100 kg背膘厚（backfat to 100 kg,BF）、100 kg平均日增重（average daily gain to 100 kg,ADG）。研究表明,在大白和长白猪中,猪的出生年、出生季、初生重以及开测日龄对生长性状均具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）;长白猪的AGE、ADG和BF的遗传力分别为0.321、0.327和0.324,大白猪对应性状的遗传力分别为0.454、0.469和0.408;长白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.990、-0.995,大白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.993、-0.998,均呈现较强的负相关。长白、大白猪的生长性状（AGE、ADG、BF）均属于中等遗传力性状,其出生年份、出生季节、初生重和开测日龄对猪的生长性状影响较大。在遗传参数估计分析时,提高样本数量并提升表型数据质量,可以增加遗传参数估计的可靠性。本研究中的生长性状遗传参数估计结果较为可靠,可为后续的遗传改良提供参考。     

The value of incorporating carcass trait phenotypes in terminal sire selection indexes to improve carcass weight and quality of heavy lambs

Genetic selection for carcass traits is paramount to maximize the profitability and long‐term sustainability of any meat‐producing livestock species. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of indicator traits for the genetic improvement of lamb carcass traits and to determine the value of including carcass traits into terminal sire selection indexes for the Canadian sheep industry. The carcass traits included hot carcass weight (HCW), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR) and average carcass conformation score (AVGCONF), and were measured on heavy lambs (slaughter age less than 365 days and HCW greater than 16.3 kg) in commercial abattoirs. Growth traits were found to be moderately efficient indicator traits for the genetic improvement of HCW but selection on ultrasound traits was necessary to substantially improve the carcass quality traits (FATGR and AVGCONF). Economic selection indexes were designed by adding various combinations of carcass traits into the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System terminal indexes. Records measured on individuals and progeny were assumed to be the sources of information for live animal and carcass traits, respectively. The changes in index accuracy, efficiency and expected correlated response were used to assess the value of their inclusion. HCW was found to have a large economic value, and its inclusion into terminal selection indexes was expected to substantially increase their accuracy (0.08–0.12 points) and efficiency (20%–30%). However, further including FATGR (measured 110 mm from the carcass midline over the 12th rib) and AVGCONF had little impact on the accuracy (≤0.03) and efficiency (1%–7%) of the proposed indexes. Thus, the inclusion of carcass traits into the existing terminal selection indexes could be beneficial for the genetic improvement of HCW, but further research is needed to determine optimal methods of increasing carcass fatness and muscularity.     

遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺研究

本文采用一种新型绿色溶剂提取红枣总黄酮,并对其提取工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验探究含水量、超声功率、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对红枣总黄酮得率的影响。在此基础上,采用遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺。结果表明：超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮最优的工艺参数为：含水量37%、超声功率167 W、提取时间30 min、提取温度54 ℃和料液比1∶26（g/mL）。在此条件下,所得红枣总黄酮得率为（29.33±0.37）mg/g。试验值和理论值的相对误差为1.24%。表明遗传算法可较好地模拟和预测不同提取条件下红枣总黄酮得率,且优化工艺参数是可行的。研究发现低共熔溶剂可作为一种新型、绿色溶剂用于高效提取红枣总黄酮。[关键词] 遗传算法|红枣|总黄酮|低共熔溶剂|工艺     

火烧后亚高山草甸恢复过程中物种组成和群落特征变化规律的研究

为了解火烧对植物群落结构和植被恢复速度的影响,本研究以甘肃省皇城羊场亚高山草甸为研究对象,于2017年5月进行了火烧试验,并分别在2017,2018及2019年的5月（返青期）、7月（生长期）和9月（生长末期）测量了该区域火烧样地和原生样地的植被覆盖度、群落多样性和裸地百分比等指标。结果表明：2019年5月后火烧样地与原生样地间植物群落多样性指数（Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数）间差异不显著;火烧后引起的植物结构变化是短暂的,并随着时间的推移逐渐减少甚至消失,恢复时间大约16个月左右;同时火烧改变了物种组成,其中在火烧样地中甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）和锐果鸢尾（Iris goniocarpa）逐渐消失,而鳞叶龙胆（Gentiana squarrosa）和火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）逐渐出现。本研究说明春季火烧对亚高山草甸植物组成和结构有一定的调节作用,可作为亚高山草甸管理的有效措施。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens using mitochondrial D-loop sequence reveals their characteristics as a genetic resource

Myanmar indigenous chickens play important roles in food, entertainment, and farm business for the people of Myanmar. In this study, complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences (1232 bp) were analyzed using 176 chickens, including three indigenous breeds, two fighting cock populations, and three indigenous populations to elucidate genetic diversity and accomplish a phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.948 ± 0.009 and 0.00814 ± 0.00024, respectively, exhibiting high genetic diversity of Myanmar indigenous chickens. Sixty-four haplotypes were classified as seven haplogroups, with the majority being haplogroup F. The breeds and populations except Inbinwa had multiple maternal haplogroups, suggesting that they experienced no recent purifying selection and bottleneck events. All breeds and populations examined shared haplogroup F. When 232 sequences belonging to haplogroup F (79 from Myanmar and 153 deposited sequences from other Asian countries/region) were analyzed together, the highest genetic diversity was observed in Myanmar indigenous chickens. Furthermore, Myanmar indigenous chickens and red junglefowls were observed in the center of the star-like median-joining network of 37 F-haplotypes, suggesting that Myanmar is one of the origins of haplogroup F. These findings revealed the unique genetic characteristic of Myanmar indigenous chickens as important genetic resources.