A procedure suitable for in vitro pollen selection inBrassica oleracea

Summary Experiments to determine whetherBrassica oleracea pollen could effect fertilisation following incubation in liquid culture medium are reported. Pollen was incubated in vitro, collected by centrifugation and used to pollinate compatible pistils. While retaining viability and the capacity to germinate such pollen was unable to penetrate the stigma papillae. However, incubated pollen produced functional tubes following pollination of styles from which the stigmas had been removed. These tubes grew through the style to the ovary and viable seed was obtained. The potential application of this procedure in pollen selection is discussed.     

Increasing resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus by gametophyte selection

In garden asparagus, Fusarium crown and root rot is the main cause of crop decline. Since chemical treatments are inefficient, efforts should focus on the development of resistant cultivars to control the disease. Toxic culture filtrate (TCF) of F. oxysporum has affected asparagus pollen germination and tube growth. Consequently, gametophyte selection was evaluated to ascertain if the application of selective agents at this level could increase selection efficiency. Two susceptible pistillate plants and one tolerant and one susceptible staminate plants were used in controlled crosses. Before pollination, a drop of a germination vehicle with TCF or without it was applied to the stigmas. Some pollinated pistils were fixed and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy; the rest were left on the plant for seed production. Fifty to 200 seeds were obtained per treatment combination (staminate plant x pistillate plant x pollination vehicle). The derived plantlets were inoculated in vitroand evaluated for disease symptoms. The application of TCF to stigmas reduced pollen germination and tube growth compared with untreated controls,regardless of the genotypic combination. Pollen germination and tube growth was poorer for the tolerant staminate genotype than for the susceptible one. When the TCF was applied, the number of seeds per pollination in comparison with the controls diminished only when the susceptible genotype was the pollinator. The percentage of affected root area of the progenies obtained after applying the TCF was lower than in the controls only when the tolerant genotype was the pollinator. Increasing Fusarium resistance in asparagus by means of gametophyte selection seems feasible. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

荔枝小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术,观察了荔枝小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成,结果如下:花药四室,花药壁由5层细胞组成,小孢子四分体为四面体型,小孢子母细胞胞质分裂为同时型。具腺质绒毡层。成熟花粉为两细胞型。花粉粒扁球形,极面观呈钝三角形,赤道面观为椭圆形,具三沟孔。花粉壁务内外两层,表面具条纹状纹饰。花粉粒发育过程中,常出现退化现象,在低产的植株中尤为明显。     

盐度和营养盐对礁膜配子体发育的影响

礁膜(Monostroma nitidum)是我国重要的经济海藻之一,隶属于绿藻门,绿藻纲,石莼目,礁膜科,礁膜属。礁膜广泛分布于我国的东南沿海,生长在内湾静水处的岩石上或具有泥砂的石块上。日常所见的礁膜叶状体是配子体,为膜状,呈绿色或黄绿色,体软并具光泽。礁膜是绿藻中食用价值最高的一种,体软味美,我国南北沿海居民有食用。日本人也喜食“紫菜酱”(原料以礁膜为主,掺入少量紫菜,加入调味料,高压烹煮而成)。此外,礁膜还具有一定的药用价值,如清热化痰,利水解毒以及降低胆     

杉木胚珠的解剖学观察

为深入研究杉木胚珠在败育过程中的形态和结构变化,以Epon 812为包埋剂,采用半薄切片法对败育过程中的杉木胚珠形态和结构进行观察比较。结果表明,与可育的胚珠一样,败育胚珠内的花粉仍能形成花粉管继续向胚珠合点方向延伸,为受精活动做准备;可育胚珠中央的珠心组织内部会形成健全的雌配子体进而完成受精过程,而败育胚珠的珠心组织较瘦弱,其内不能发育形成健全的雌配子体,不能进行受精活动;涩粒物质最先出现在胚珠的珠孔端,然后逐渐向胚珠下部延伸;可育胚珠的雌配子体在发育过程中会把其外层的珠心组织分解吸收,而败育胚珠内部,因为雌配子体发育不健全,珠心组织会得以保留。     

茶小孢子及雄配子体的超微结构

①从茶的造孢细胞到成熟花粉粒,细胞质内的细胞器结构经历了简单→复杂→简单→复杂的周期性变化过程,其数量亦表现少→多→少→多的周期性。②生殖细胞刚形成时,外面具拱形壁,当它游离在营养细胞中时,此壁消失。在成熟花粉粒中生殖细胞外又出现波浪状扭曲的壁。二梭花粉粒初期生殖细胞中的质体有淀粉积累。③在花粉母细胞和二细胞花粉初期的营养细胞的细胞质中有大量同心内质网复合体结构,其内常包裹着质体、线粒体、核糖体和小泡等细胞器。讨论了细胞器的结构和复合体数量周期性变化的意义和同心内质网复合体的功能等。     

海南本地槟榔小孢子发生及雄配子体形成研究

采用常规压片法,对海南本地槟榔(Areca cathecu Linnaeus)小孢子减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程进行了研究,并将其不同发育阶段与花、花序的外部形态特征相联系,结果显示:海南本地槟榔小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂属于同时型,小孢子排列呈四面体状,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型;花序外部形态与内部结构具有一定的对应关系。     

紫茎泽兰对金毛狗孢子萌发和配子体发育的化感作用

紫茎泽兰是我国外来入侵物种中危害最为严重的植物之一,广泛分布于我国西南地区,并有向东南部和中南部蔓延的趋势。本土濒危蕨类植物金毛狗的种群正受到紫茎泽兰的威胁。本研究将金毛狗的成熟孢子分别接种在含有不同浓度的紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶水提液的培养基上,观察记录金毛狗的孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶水提液均可对金毛狗的孢子萌发和假根生长产生抑制作用,表现为孢子萌发延迟,萌发率有所降低,假根伸长受到抑制,上述抑制作用随水提液浓度升高而增强。其中,叶水提液的抑制作用最强,随着叶水提液浓度的升高,配子体发育阶段滞后。由此可见,紫茎泽兰对金毛狗的孢子萌发和配子体发育具有化感作用。     

辣椒大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的研究

运用常规石蜡制片技术与光学显微镜技术研究了辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）大、小孢子发生以及雌、雄配子体的发育。结果表明：辣椒具5枚花药,花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层和腺质异型绒毡层组成。药室外侧绒毡层由初生周缘细胞衍生而来;药室内侧绒毡层由药隔细胞衍生而来,共同对雄配子体的发育起关键作用。雄蕊中为多孢原,每个药室的横切面为两排小孢子母细胞,经减数分裂后,胞质分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型和十字型。成熟花粉具3个萌发孔,为二细胞型花粉。中央特立胎座,多胚珠,倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具有珠被绒毡层。胚珠内为单孢原,胞原直接发育为大孢子母细胞,经减数分裂形成线形四分体,合点端倒数第2个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,经连续3次有丝分裂发育为七细胞七核的成熟胚囊,雌配子体的发育为蓼型。雄蕊发育早于雌蕊,花蕾开放前,雌、雄蕊发育趋于同步。开花时,散出的花粉落到自身雌蕊柱头上,从而实现自花授粉受精。讨论了异型绒毡层的来源、形态结构特点与雄性不育的相关性。     

板栗‘遵玉’大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

为了系统了解板栗雌雄花发育过程,以板栗优良品种‘遵玉’为试材,对大小孢子及雌雄配子体发生发育进行研究。结果表明:花药壁由外而内分别为表皮、药室内壁、中层及绒毡层(为腺质型),属于基本型。小孢子胞质分离为同时型,四分体为典型的四面体型,少数呈左右对称排列。雄配子体只经过1次有丝分裂,花粉成熟为2-细胞型。雌花胚囊发育为蓼型胚囊,只有1个胚囊母细胞发育成胚囊,四分体呈线性排列,整个发育过程与雌雄花外部特征密切相关。确定观察减数分裂最佳取样时期为:雄花花序长度为10~17 cm,总苞直径为0.9~1.6 cm。‘遵玉’小孢子及雄配子体发生发育不存在异常表现,表明‘遵玉’雄配子体发育正常,花粉可育,可以作为授粉树。