Biological Features of Flowering and Development of Male Gametophyte in Anthurium andreanum

The aim of this study is to follow each development stage of inflorescence in order to understand the biological feature of flowering and the development of male gametophyte in Anthurium andreanum “Arizona" and to try to find the optimum conditions for its pollination. The methods of dissection and paraffin section were adopted to examine the structural characteristics of anthurium’s tiny floret and the development of the microspore. All the florets of the anthurium arrange on the rhachis helically sub- tended by a colorful bract. Each tiny floret has one gynoecium, four tepals and four stamina. The bract and the florets show different colors during the whole blooming period. The ovary is bicarpellary and has two locules, each of which has one anatropous ovule. The placenta is of a central placentation type. The stylar canal cells not only can produce the secretory mucilage but also can release their own cytoplasm caused by their self-disintegration before the pistil reaches its maturity. The wall of the anther is composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetal cells and the middle layers’ cells degenerated completely dur- ing meiosis of microsporocytes. The pollen grains were 2-celled at the time of anther dehiscence. Early morning, when the inflores- cences stay at their fifth development stage, is the optimum opportunity for pistil to get pollen grains. The pollen-collection should be done at the end of the seventh stage.     

Biological features of flowering and development of male gametophyte in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthurium andreanum</Emphasis>

The aim of this study is to follow each development stage of inflorescence in order to understand the biological feature of flowering and the development of male gametophyte in Anthurium andreanum ““Arizona““ and to try to find the optimum conditions for its pollination. The methods of dissection and paraffin section were adopted to examine the structural characteristics of anthurium‘s tiny floret and the development of the microspore. All the florets of the anthurium arrange on the rhachis helically subtended by a colorful bract. Each tiny floret has one gynoecium, four tepals and four stamina. The bract and the florets show different colors during the whole blooming period. The ovary is bicarpellary and has two locules, each of which has one anatropous ovule. The placenta is of a central placentation type. The stylar canal cells not only can produce the secretory mucilage but also can release their own cytoplasm caused by their self-disintegration before the pistil reaches its maturity. The wall of the anther is composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetal cells and the middle layers‘ cells degenerated completely during meiosis of microsporocytes. The pollen grains were 2-celled at the time of anther dehiscence. Early morning, when the inflorescences stay at their fiRb development stage, is the optimum opportunity for pistil to get pollen grains. The pollen-collection should be done at the end of the seventh stage.     

海带属种间杂交育种的研究

使用由日本引进的６种海带的雌雄配子体进行了种间正反杂交,测定了３０个杂交组合的受精率,有选择地培育出１８个组合的Ｆ１杂交海带继苗并栽培为杂交海带成体。测定了各杂交组合Ｆ１孢子体的长度、宽度。报道了１３个组合的孢子体在藻体长度、９个组合在藻体宽度生长方面表现出的杂种优势,其中６个组合在藻体长度和宽度方面杂种优势明显,是杂交育种的优良组合。     

碎米桠小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

采用半薄切片和石蜡切片法对碎米桠小孢子发生及雄配子体的发育进行了研究。结果表明:1)碎米桠的花药具有4个花粉囊,花药壁有4层结构,从外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,花药壁的发育属于双子叶型;2)药室内壁呈纤维状加厚,绒毡层为分泌型绒毡层;3)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型;4)四分体小孢子呈四面体形排列,成熟花粉为2-细胞型,具有6个萌发沟。研究发现,碎米桠小孢子发生和雄配子体发育特征与多数已经研究的唇形科的基本一致。     

多羽实蕨配子体发育的新观察

采用Olympus-BX53光学显微镜,观察了人工培养条件下多羽实蕨(Bolbitis angustipinna(Hayata)H.Ito)配子体各发育阶段的结构特征,其中,重点观察了边缘细胞的形态特征及假根的分化。结果发现,配子体的发育过程包括孢子萌发、原丝体发育、片状体形成、原叶体形成等4个阶段;配子体的毛状体、边缘细胞、假根具有稳定的系统学特征,即毛状体为单细胞棒状,边缘细胞具有齿槽和突起2种形态,假根除具有弯曲、分叉和顶端膨大的特征外,还具有不规则缢缩和锯齿形的特征。     

龙须菜新品系GL 家系F1 配子体的性状分析

本研究旨在为深入构建龙须菜(Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)育种体系提供基础数据。采用DTOPSIS综合评价法对实验室构建的龙须菜GL家系的F1配子体的性状进行分析与评价,以期把F1配子体的综合性状这一模糊量化指标转化为该株系对理想解的相对接近度Ci值的量化指标,进而对各藻株的综合性状优劣进行综合分析,为未来良种的杂交以及选育提供依据。所测的100株藻体中,线性生长速率变化范围为2.0~7.3%/d,变异系数为26.79%,标准差达到1.28,各藻株之间存在明显的差异。藻株的分枝数分布很不集中,变异极为显著,其平均数为1.93个,标准差为0.8,变异系数为41.17%,差异明显,变异幅度相对很大。主枝基部直径变化范围1.4~2.2 mm,标准差达到0.18,变异系数在3个性状中最小,为9.87%。线性生长速率、分枝数、基部直径等性状分布均呈现明显的正态分布特征,标准差分析显示,各性状相对本身参数变化幅度较大,说明F1配子体存在一定的性状变异,可以挑选性状差异大的藻种进行杂交以期获得优良藻种。DTOPSIS综合评价分析显示20、47、93、6、31株系综合性状的评价值比较高,为后期人工选育优良藻种提供依据。     

白皮黄瓜雌雄配子败育的细胞形态学观察

对种子败育的白皮黄瓜品种白玉(BY)和种子发育良好的青皮黄瓜品种青皮(QP)的雌雄配子发育阶段进行了组织形态学比较研究,结果发现,BY部分小孢子四分体之间相互粘连在一起,相互粘连的胼胝质壁水解形成复合小孢子四分体;在单核小孢子时期,有些小孢子壁皱缩,膜内陷,不规则;观察BY成熟胚囊发现,在胚囊中央有多个类极核,珠心组织细胞离散、变形,大孢子囊边缘不规则;BY在球形胚初期,胚乳发育异常,细胞提前液泡化,具玻璃质感,染色不明显,在显微镜下透光率强,并且胚乳细胞内含物提前降解,胚乳胞间质降解,随后胚乳细胞降解,只留下残迹,球形胚停止发育.     

杉木胚珠的解剖学观察

为深入研究杉木胚珠在败育过程中的形态和结构变化,以Epon 812为包埋剂,采用半薄切片法对败育过程中的杉木胚珠形态和结构进行观察比较。结果表明,与可育的胚珠一样,败育胚珠内的花粉仍能形成花粉管继续向胚珠合点方向延伸,为受精活动做准备;可育胚珠中央的珠心组织内部会形成健全的雌配子体进而完成受精过程,而败育胚珠的珠心组织较瘦弱,其内不能发育形成健全的雌配子体,不能进行受精活动;涩粒物质最先出现在胚珠的珠孔端,然后逐渐向胚珠下部延伸;可育胚珠的雌配子体在发育过程中会把其外层的珠心组织分解吸收,而败育胚珠内部,因为雌配子体发育不健全,珠心组织会得以保留。     

蝴蝶兰雄配子体发育观察

[目的]观察蝴蝶兰雄配子体的发育过程,探讨蝴蝶兰雄配子体发育规律,为蝴蝶兰种质资源的收集与保存和杂交育种提供参考依据.[方法]将蝴蝶兰花粉块用改良FAA固定,爱氏苏木精整体染色,常规石蜡切片用显微镜观察雄配子体的发育过程.[结果]蝴蝶兰小孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的小孢子四分体有四面体形、左右对称形、交叉形和T形等多种类型,小孢子四分体联结在一起形成花粉小块,并由花粉小块聚集成花粉块.小孢子进行不对称有丝分裂形成1个小的生殖细胞和1个大的营养细胞.随着花粉发育,生殖细胞进入营养细胞的细胞质中,花粉成熟时生殖细胞呈梭形,营养核呈新月形.[结论]蝴蝶兰为二细胞型花粉,花葶基部花蕾的花粉块可作为杂交育种授粉材料.     

金色狗尾草的大,小孢子发生及雌,雄配子体发育

金色狗尾草花药壁分四层，即表皮，内壁，中层，绒毡层。表皮细胞在花粉发育过程中始终沉积呈颗粒状小体。绒毡层属腺质型。小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中，胞质分裂属连续型，并偶见有染色质穿壁现象。生殖细胞壁在初期具有纤维素。成熟花粉为３细胞，崆贮大量淀粉粒。金色狗尾草胚珠具有双珠被，珠孔由内珠被形成，外珠被有一突起伸向花柱。