水稻新型育种技术研究现状与展望

水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,提高水稻产量、改善品质一直是水稻育种研究的重要目标.育种技术的改进有利于育种效率的提高,随着科学技术的迅猛发展,水稻育种技术也在逐步完善.对分子标记育种、转基因育种、基因编辑育种和分子设计育种等目前水稻育种中广泛使用的育种技术进行了总结,并进一步展望了不同育种方法的发展前景,以期为水稻种业发...     

狐和貉源大肠埃希菌药敏试验及耐药基因检测

为了解秦皇岛昌黎县狐和貉源致病性大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因的情况,以昌黎县分离的15株狐和貉源致病性大肠埃希菌为试验菌株,采用药敏纸片法对抗菌药物进行药敏试验,并对四环素类耐药基因tetA、tetB、tetC、tetD,氨基糖苷类耐药基因strA-strB、aadA1,磺胺类耐药基因sul1、sul2、sul3进行PCR检测。结果显示,15株大肠埃希菌分离菌株对土霉素、多西环素、头孢拉定、新霉素、青霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶的耐药率均为100%;对阿莫西林、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、阿米卡星、大观霉素、链霉素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、环丙沙星耐药率分别为93.33%、53.33%、33.33%、73.33%、86.66%、86.66%、86.66%、66.67%和66.67%。9种耐药基因tetA、tetB、tetC、tetD、strA-strB、aadA1、sul1、sul2、sul3的检出率分别为0、46.67%、26.67%、13.33%、40%、100%、53.33%、46.67%和53.33%,其中四环素类耐药基因以tetB的检出率最高,氨基糖苷类耐药基因以aadA1的检出率最高,磺胺类耐药基因的检出率相差不大。说明15株狐和貉源大肠埃希菌耐药谱广,耐药性高,耐药基因流行普遍。     

捻转血矛线虫肌动蛋白基因的克隆与表达及其DNA疫苗的构建

根据秀丽新杆线虫等其他几种线虫的肌动蛋白(Actin)开放阅读框(ORF)设计简并引物,以捻转血矛线虫总RNA为模板,合成cDNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增出约为1 100 bp的DNA片段。将该片段克隆到T载体后进行序列测定和分析,结果表明该基因的ORF为1 131 bp,与秀丽新杆线虫、新杆状线虫、肿孔古柏线虫等的同源性高达86%以上,推导出其蛋白质序列含有376个氨基酸,与胎生网尾线虫、秀丽新杆线虫、新杆状线虫、马来丝虫等的肌动蛋白相似性均为98%以上,说明成功克隆了捻转血矛线虫actin基因。将捻转血矛线虫肌动蛋白基因的ORF克隆到pET-28a(+)中,构建了原核表达载体,用IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析发现,该基因获得了表达,且以包涵体的形式存在,融合蛋白相对分子质量约46×103。以此重组蛋白为抗原,用自然感染捻转血矛线虫山羊血清为第一抗体进行Western blot分析,结果出现1条特异性条带,表明捻转血矛线虫Actin蛋白在自然感染过程中能被宿主的免疫系统识别,可能是一种天然抗原。用纯化重组Actin蛋白免疫小鼠,制备抗血清,以该血清为第一抗体进行Western blot,结果发现该血清能识别捻转血矛线虫成虫蛋白谱中相对分子质量约为42×103的蛋白条带。将捻转血矛线虫actin基因亚克隆到真核表达载体pVAX1中,构建了DNA疫苗pVAX1-ACT,动物免疫试验结果表明该DNA疫苗在机体内获得了表达。     

花粉管通道法转化大豆的分子表征

采用花粉管通道技术将含有gus基因的pBI121质粒DNA导入辽豆14，从处理的100朵花中获得53粒种子。经PCR检测53粒种子的幼苗，共检测出6株阳性植株。采用RT—PCR和GUS组织化学染色法对所获得阳性植株进行检测，其中2株幼苗(T0代17号和33号)均出现阳性结果，进一步对这2株阳性植株进行Southern blot检测，同样获得了阳性结果。上述检测结果表明，gus基因已整合到染色体上并得到了表达。对转基因植株后代进行了PCR跟踪检测，结果从17号株系的28株中检测出19株阳性植株，33号株系的35株幼苗中检测出17株阳性植株，表明gus基因可以在转基因植株后代遗传。本研究结果为大豆花粉管通道转化技术提供了比较充分的分子生物学证据。     

三角帆蚌HcTyr基因内壳色性状相关SNP筛选及图谱定位

为研究三角帆蚌HcTyr基因与内壳色性状的相关性,本实验根据已分离的三角帆蚌HcTyr基因进行引物设计和片段扩增,并用144只三角帆蚌对其多态性进行筛选和验证,卡方检验分析了SNP位点和三角帆蚌内壳色相关性,并对HcTyr基因进行了图谱定位。结果显示,在HcTyr基因上筛选出8个SNP位点,其中有7个SNP位点与三角帆蚌内壳色L、a及d E呈显著相关性,用这7个SNP位点做单倍型构建和分析,发现Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ这3种单倍型在白色群体中出现的频率极显著高于在紫色群体中出现的频率,而Ⅴ和Ⅶ这2两种单倍型在紫色群体中出现的频率极显著高于白色群体。进一步在商业养殖群体中验证发现,Ⅳ和Ⅶ这2种单倍型可分别作为白色和紫色群体的优势单倍型。研究表明,三角帆蚌HcTyr基因可作为内壳色相关的候选基因,其部分SNP位点可用于三角帆蚌分子辅助育种。另外本实验还将HcTyr基因定位在三角帆蚌LG16连锁群上,这为进一步解析该基因调控珍珠颜色形成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Study on Developmental Expression of ApoCⅡ Gene mRNA in Liver Tissues of Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental patterns of ApoCⅡ gene mRNA in liver in Mashen and Large White pigs, and study the relationship between the expression level of ApoCⅡ and the lipid metabolism in pigs.The mRNA relative expressions of ApoCⅡ gene in liver at seven stages of 1,30,60,90,120,150,and 180-day old in Mashen and Large White pigs were determined by quantitative Real-time PCR.The results showed that the developmental trend of ApoCⅡ mRNA expression in liver between Mashen and Large White pigs was different.The ApoCⅡ mRNA abundance was decreased from birth to 60-day old,then increased at 90-day old,and decreased again after that in Mashen pig.However,the relative expression amount in Large White pig was gradually decreased from birth to 150-day old and increased again at 180-day old.Except for the ApoCⅡ mRNA expression amount at 1-day old,the differences of the expression amount at other stages in Mashen and Large White pigs were significant or extremely significant (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The ApoCⅡ mRNA expression in liver was affected by age and breed,and could play an important role in lipid metabolism in pigs.     

Identification of Neofabraea species causing bull's eye rot of apple in Poland and their direct detection in apple fruit using multiplex PCR

Based on partial sequence analysis of the β‐tubulin gene, 19 isolates of fungi causing bull's eye rot on apple in Poland were classified into species: Neofabraea alba, N. perennans and N. kienholzii. To the authors’ knowledge, the detection of N. kienholzii is the second in Europe and the first in Poland. Species affiliation of these fungi was confirmed by a new species‐specific multiplex PCR assay developed on the basis of previously published methods. The new protocol allowed for the specific identification of bull's eye rot‐causing species, both from pure cultures and directly from the skin of diseased or apparently healthy apples. In 550 samples of diseased fruits collected from nine cold storage rooms located in three regions of Poland, in 2011 and 2012, N. alba was detected as the predominant species causing bull's eye rot, occurring on average in 94% of the tested samples. Neofabraea perennans was found in a minority of apple samples, N. kienholzii was found only in two apple samples, while N. malicorticis was not detected in any sample tested. In tests on 120 apparently healthy fruits, only N. perennans was detected in a single sample. The results of genetic diversity analyses of bull's eye rot‐causing fungi based on the β‐tubulin gene sequence and an ISSR (inter‐simple sequence repeat) PCR assay with two primers were consistent, showing the expected segregation of tested isolates with respect to their species boundaries. However, the genetic distance between N. perennans and N. malicorticis was very low, as reported previously.     

耐氟喹诺酮类鸡源性沙门氏菌DNA旋转酶gyrA基因序列分析

取临床分离的对5种氟喹诺酮类药物(环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、单诺沙星和沙拉沙星)均耐药的9株鸡源性沙门氏菌耐药株,提取其染色体DNA。设计引物gyrAF和gyrAR扩增其DNA旋转酶gyrA基因的氟喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR),对PCR扩增产物进行测序及序列分析。与质控菌株相比,9株临床分离耐药株中只有菌株38和60的gyrA基因发生单碱基突变,菌株38的gyrA基因第371位碱基发生C→T突变,菌株60的gyrA基因第350位碱基发生A→C突变,两处突变均位于QRDR内,其余菌株的核苷酸未发生任何突变。菌株38的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第121位氨基酸发生R→C取代,即Arg→Cys;菌株60的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第114位氨基酸发生M→L取代,即Met→Leu。上述结果提示,gyrA基因QRDR突变并非沙门氏菌耐药性产生的主要原因。     

国槐苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、反义表达载体构建及遗传转化

根据其它植物PAL基因的保守区域,设计一对兼并引物,采用RT-PCR方法从国槐中克隆了一个长866 bp的PAL基因片段,命名为SjPAL.序列分析发现SjPAL多肽与其它植物的PAL氨基酸序列高度同源(87%以上),且包含与水稻和拟南芥的PAL类似的活性位点.系统进化树分析表明SjPAL与豆科植物的PAL亲缘关系较近.RT-PCR结果显示,SjPAL在根和茎的表达量约为叶中的3倍.利用反义RNA技术将SjPAL基因克隆至植物表达载体pBI121,构建了SjPAL反义RNA植物表达载体pBI121-PAL,通过根癌农杆菌EHA105将其导入拟南芥基因组,对获得的抗性植株进行PCR鉴定、Northern杂交分析、PAL活性分析以及总多酚含量和类黄酮含量分析.结果表明,该反义RNA已整合到拟南芥基因组中,转基因拟南芥的PAL基因表达量、单位材料PAL活性、总多酚含量和类黄酮含量均显著低于野生型对照.本研究为下一步利用该基因反义表达载体转化国槐,通过调节酚类物质含量提高其在再生体系中的生根能力提供了试验依据.     

番茄单性结实研究进展

对番茄单性结实资源、评价鉴定方法、子房内源激素水平、分子机制及新品种选育等的研究现状进行了综述,尤其对近几年分子水平的最新研究进行了评述,对今后这一领域的研究做了展望。